Penicillins are a class of antibiotics that are often more effective against gram-positive bacteria than gram-negative bacteria due to differences in the bacterial cell wall structure and composition.
Bacterial Cell Wall Composition: Gram-Positive Bacteria: Gram-positive bacteria have a relatively thick layer of peptidoglycan in their cell walls. Peptidoglycan is a rigid structure made up of sugars and amino acids, which provides structural support to the cell wall.
Gram-Negative Bacteria: In contrast, gram-negative bacteria have a thinner layer of peptidoglycan in their cell walls, but they also have an additional outer membrane that contains lipopolysaccharides.
Outer Membrane of Gram-Negative Bacteria: The outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria serves as a protective barrier, and it contains porin proteins that allow the passage of certain molecules, including some antibiotics.
Efflux Pumps: Some gram-negative bacteria possess efflux pumps, which are proteins that actively pump antibiotics out of the bacterial cell.
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Penicillins are more effective against gram-positive bacteria due to differences in cell wall structures. Gram-positive bacteria have a thicker peptidoglycan layer which is the target site for penicillins. Gram-negative bacteria have thinner peptidoglycan layer, an outer membrane that acts as a barrier, and may produce beta-lactamase enzymes.
Penicillins are often more effective against gram-positive bacteria than gram-negative bacteria due to differences in their cell wall structures. Gram-positive bacteria have a thick peptidoglycan layer in their cell wall, which is the target site for penicillins. The peptidoglycan layer provides structural support to the cell, and when penicillins bind to it, they weaken the cell wall and cause the bacteria to burst.
In contrast, gram-negative bacteria have a thinner peptidoglycan layer and an outer membrane that acts as a barrier to penicillins. This outer membrane contains porins, which allow some molecules to pass through the membrane. However, many penicillins are too large to pass through these porins, making them less effective against gram-negative bacteria.
Additionally, some gram-negative bacteria produce beta-lactamase enzymes that can inactivate penicillins. Beta-lactamase breaks the beta-lactam ring of penicillins, rendering them ineffective. Therefore, penicillins are generally more effective against gram-positive bacteria due to their thicker cell wall and absence of an outer membrane or beta-lactamase production.
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a. True
b. False
reproducible means copyied and hence cant always be accurate
the answer is B False also i took the test
Explanation:
Bangladesh gained freedom from Pakistan through a combination of war and peaceful protests. The process involved a significant armed conflict known as the Bangladesh Liberation War or the War of Independence, along with widespread civil disobedience and nonviolent resistance.
The roots of Bangladesh’s struggle for independence lie in the political and cultural differences between East Pakistan (present-day Bangladesh) and West Pakistan. Despite being geographically separated by India, the two regions were united under one country, Pakistan, after the partition of British India in 1947.
Over time, the people of East Pakistan felt marginalized and discriminated against by the dominant West Pakistanis, leading to political and economic grievances. The Awami League, a political party representing the interests of East Pakistan, emerged as a central force advocating for greater autonomy and rights for the region.
In the 1970 general elections, the Awami League, led by Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, emerged as the majority party in Pakistan’s National Assembly. However, the military junta ruling Pakistan at the time refused to transfer power to the elected government, resulting in widespread protests and civil disobedience in East Pakistan.
The conflict escalated into a full-scale war when the Pakistani military launched Operation Searchlight, an operation aimed at suppressing the Bengali nationalist movement. The brutal military crackdown led to widespread violence, human rights abuses, and a flood of refugees crossing the border into India.
India, supporting the cause of Bangladesh’s independence, intervened in the war in December 1971. The Indian Armed Forces supported the Mukti Bahini (Bengali resistance forces) and launched a coordinated offensive against the Pakistani military. The nine-month-long armed conflict resulted in the defeat of the Pakistani military and the surrender of their forces in Dhaka on December 16, 1971.
This victory led to the emergence of an independent and sovereign Bangladesh, with Sheikh Mujibur Rahman becoming the country’s first President. The international community recognized Bangladesh as a separate nation. The war was a catalyst for the birth of Bangladesh and marked the formal separation of East Pakistan from West Pakistan.
In summary, the Bangladesh Liberation War, fought alongside peaceful protests and civil disobedience, was the primary means through which Bangladesh gained freedom from Pakistan. The armed conflict, backed by international support, resulted in the eventual emergence of an independent Bangladesh in 1971.
Bangladesh gained its freedom from Pakistan through the war known as the Bangladesh Liberation War. The war started due to political and constitutional crisis and ended with the liberation of East Pakistan as Bangladesh on December 16th, 1971.
Bangladesh gained independence from Pakistan through a war known as the Bangladesh Liberation War. This war occurred between East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) and West Pakistan from March 25th until December 16th, 1971. It resulted from a political and constitutional crisis when the political leaders of West Pakistan blatantly disregarded the democratic choice of the majority and suppressed their rights. The war began when the Pakistani military junta based in West Pakistan launched Operation Searchlight against the people of East Pakistan. On December 16th, 1971, East Pakistan was liberated and declared as the Independent People’s Republic of Bangladesh.
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An ideal pregame meal should include easily digestible carbohydrates as the primary source of energy along with some protein. High-fat and high-fiber foods, while part of a healthy overall diet, are less desirable before athletic events.
A pregame meal should include foods that are easily digestible carbohydrates. Carbohydrates are a key part of our diet and are often vital for those needing a quick, efficient energy source. They provide energy to the body, particularly through glucose - a simple sugar that is a component of many foods.
Fats provide more calories than carbohydrates, but they take longer to digest and can make an athlete feel sluggish or heavy during their game. High-fiber foods also provide volume and a feeling of fullness, but they may not be ideal before an athletic event as they can slow digestion and cause discomfort.
Proteins are essential as well, but they are not used as a primary energy source for physical activity. Instead, they are used to build and repair body tissues and produce enzymes and hormones. Therefore, an ideal pregame meal should focus on easily digestible carbohydrates, but also include some protein.
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Answer:
The Diet Planning Principle of Balance
Explanation:
"Diet" refers to the food that we eat. A good diet provides proper nutrition for your body's tissues and organs. It is also essential in fighting against diseases and fatigue. There are mainly 6 diet principles and these are: Adequacy, Balance, Calorie Control, Nutritional Density, Moderation and Variety.
The situation above describes the diet planning principle of "balance." From the word itself, it means that the diet needs to be proportioned. This means every meal consists of the essential "go, grow and glow foods." You also have to consider the amount of calories per serving. A well-balanced or proportioned diet consists of the appropriate amounts of vitamins, minerals, calories and nutrients needed by the human body. Thus, this explains the answer.
An example of a balanced diet is a meal that consists of dairy, protein, starchy food and fruits and vegetables.
The diet planning principle that describes consumption of the right portion of foods from each of the food groups and appropriate amounts of calories, macronutrients, vitamins, and minerals is referred to as balance. Balance promotes inclusion of varied nutrients in correct quantities, supporting overall health.
The diet planning principle that describes consuming the right proportion of foods from each of the food groups, as well as the appropriate amounts of calories, macronutrients, vitamins, and minerals is known as balance.
Balance means including different food items from each food group into your daily diet to meet nutritional needs. This concept promotes not only the inclusion of nutrients from each category, but also moderation in quantities to prevent over or under-consumption. Balanced diet supports achieving and maintaining a healthy weight, reducing the risk of chronic diseases, and promoting overall health.
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b. lower cholesterol
c. muscle strength
d. improved awareness
Physical health is one derived from individual sports and includes all of the following except improvedawareness.
This is defined as the physical well being of an individual and is promoted through exercises and good diet.
It helps to build healthybones and lower cholesterol but isn't concerned with emotional states such as awareness hence option D was chosen.
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