The physics of wind instruments is based on the concept of standing waves. When the player blows into the mouthpiece, the column of air inside the instrument vibrates, and standing waves are produced. Although the acoustics of wind instruments is complicated, a simple description in terms of open and closed tubes can help in understanding the physical phenomena related to these instruments. For example, a flute can be described as an open-open pipe because a flutist covers the mouthpiece of the flute only partially. Meanwhile, a clarinet can be described as an open-closed pipe because the mouthpiece of the clarinet is almost completely closed by the reed.1. Consider a pipe of length 80.0 cm open at both ends. What is the lowest frequency f of the sound wave produced when you blow into the pipe?
2. A hole is now drilled through the side of the pipe and air is blown again into the pipe through the same opening. The fundamental frequency of the sound wave generated in the pipe is now:______.
a. the same as before.
b. lower than before.
c. higher than before.
3. If you take the original pipe in Part A and drill a hole at a position half the length of the pipe, what is the fundamental frequency of the sound that can be produced in the pipe?
4. What frequencies, in terms of the fundamental frequency of the original pipe in Part A, can you create when blowing air into the pipe that has a hole halfway down its length?
4-1. Recall from the discussion in Part B that the standing wave produced in the pipe must have an antinode near the hole. Thus only the harmonics that have an antinode halfway down the pipe will still be present.
A. Only the odd multiples of the fundamental frequency.
B. Only the even multiples of the fundamental frequency.
C. All integer multiples of the fundamental frequency.
E. What length of open-closed pipe would you need to achieve the same fundamental frequency as the open pipe discussed in Part A?
A. Half the length of the open-open pipe.
B. Twice the length of the open-open pipe.
C. One-fourth the length of the open-open pipe.
D. Four times the length of the open-open pipe.
E. The same as the length of the open-open pipe.
F. What is the frequency of the first possible harmonic after the fundamental frequency in the open-closed pipe described in Part E?
F-1. Recall that possible frequencies of standing waves that can be generated in an open-closed pipe include only odd harmonics. Then the first possible harmonic after the fundamental frequency is the third
harmonic.

Answers

Answer 1

Answer:

Final answer:

The physics of wind instruments is based on standing waves. The lowest frequency of a sound wave produced in an open-open pipe can be calculated. When a hole is drilled through the pipe, the fundamental frequency is lower than before. Only odd multiples of the fundamental frequency will be present in a pipe with a hole halfway down its length. An open-closed pipe needs to be twice the length of an open-open pipe to achieve the same fundamental frequency. The first possible harmonic after the fundamental frequency in an open-closed pipe is the third harmonic.

Explanation:

The lowest frequency f of the sound wave produced when blowing into an open-open pipe can be calculated using the formula f = v/2L, where v is the speed of sound and L is the length of the pipe. Plugging in the values, we get f = 343/(2*0.8), which equals 214.375 Hz.

When a hole is drilled through the side of the pipe, the fundamental frequency of the sound wave generated in the pipe is lower than before. This is because the effective length of the pipe has been changed, resulting in a lower frequency.

The fundamental frequency of the sound that can be produced in the original pipe with a hole drilled halfway down its length can be calculated as f = v/L, where L is the new effective length of the pipe. Since the hole is halfway down, the effective length becomes half of the original length, resulting in a frequency equal to the original fundamental frequency.

When blowing air into the pipe with a hole halfway down its length, only the odd multiples of the fundamental frequency will be present. Therefore, the frequencies that can be created are only the odd multiples of the fundamental frequency.

The length of an open-closed pipe needed to achieve the same fundamental frequency as an open-open pipe is twice the length of the open-open pipe. This is because an open-closed pipe has only odd harmonics, which are spaced twice as far apart as the harmonics in an open-open pipe.

The first possible harmonic after the fundamental frequency in an open-closed pipe is the third harmonic.

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A sinusoidal wave is travelling on a string under tension T = 8.0(N), having a mass per unit length of 1 = 0.0128(kg/m). It’s displacement function is D(x,t) = Acos(kx - t). It’s amplitude is 0.001m and its wavelength is 0.8m. It reaches the end of this string, and continues on to a string with 2 = 0.0512(kg/m) and the same tension as the first string. Give the values of A, k, and , for the original wave, as well as k and  the reflected wave and the transmitted wave.

A speed skater moving across frictionless ice at 8.8 m/s hits a 6.0 m -wide patch of rough ice. She slows steadily, then continues on at 5.8 m/s . What is her acceleration on the rough ice?

Answers

A speed skater moving across frictionless ice at 8.8 m/s hits a 6.0 m -wide patch of rough ice. Her acceleration on the rough ice is -3.65 m/s².

v² - u² = 2 a ∆x, where u and v are initial and final velocities, respectively; a is acceleration.

and ∆x is the distance traveled (because the skater moves in only one direction).

Thus, (5.8 m/s)² - (8.8 m/s)² = 2 a (6.0 m)

a = ((5.8 m/s)² - (8.8 m/s)²) / (12 m)

a = -3.65 m/s².

Thus, A speed skater moving across frictionless ice at 8.8 m/s hits a 6.0 m -wide patch of rough ice. Her acceleration on the rough ice is -3.65 m/s².

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Recall that

v² - u² = 2 a ∆x

where u and v are initial and final velocities, respectively; a is acceleration; and ∆x is the distance traveled (because the skater moves in only one direction).

So we have

(5.8 m/s)² - (8.8 m/s)² = 2 a (6.0 m)

a = ((5.8 m/s)² - (8.8 m/s)²) / (12 m)

a = -3.65 m/s²

When a hammer thrower releases her ball, she is aiming to maximize the distance from the starting ring. Assume she releases the ball at an angle of 54.6 degrees above horizontal, and the ball travels a total horizontal distance of 30.1 m. What angular velocity must she have achieved (in radians/s) at the moment of the throw, assuming the ball is 1.15 m from the axis of rotation during the spin?

Answers

Answer:

The angular velocity is 15.37 rad/s

Solution:

As per the question:

$\theta = 54.6^(\circ)$

Horizontal distance, x = 30.1 m

Distance of the ball from the rotation axis is its radius, R = 1.15 m

Now,

To calculate the angular velocity:

Linear velocity, v = $\sqrt{(gx)/(sin2\theta)}$

v = $\sqrt{(9.8* 30.1)/(sin2* 54.6)}$

v = $\sqrt{(294.98)/(sin109.2^(\circ))} = 17.67\ m/s$

Now,

The angular velocity can be calculated as:

$v = \omega R$

Thus

$\omega = (v)/(R) = (17.67)/(1.15) = 15.37\ rad/s$

A basketball player jumps straight up for a ball. To do this, he lowers his body 0.250 m and then accelerates through this distance by forcefully straightening his legs. This player leaves the floor with a vertical velocity sufficient to carry him 0.960 m above the floor. (a) Calculate his velocity (in m/s) when he leaves the floor. 4.33 Correct: Your answer is correct. m/s (b) Calculate his acceleration (in m/s2) while he is straightening his legs. He goes from zero to the velocity found in part (a) in a distance of 0.250 m.

Answers

Answer:

a. 3.73 m/s b. 27.8 m/s²

Explanation:

(a) Calculate his velocity (in m/s) when he leaves the floor.

Using the conservation of energy principles,

Potential energy gained by basketball player = kinetic energy loss of basket ball player

So, ΔU + ΔK = 0

ΔU = -ΔK

mg(h' - h) = -1/2m(v'² - v²)

g(h' - h) = -1/2(v'² - v²) where g = acceleration due to gravity = 9.8 m/s², h' = 0.960 m, h = 0.250 m, v' =0 m/s (since the basketball player momentarily stops at h' = 0.960 m) and v = velocity with which the basketball player leaves the floor

Substituting the values of the variables into the equation, we have

9.8 m/s²(0.960 m - 0.250 m) = -1/2((0 m/s)² - v²)

9.8 m/s²(0.710 m) = -1/2(-v²)

6.958 m²/s² = v²/2

v² = 2 × 6.958 m²/s²

v² = 13.916 m²/s²

v = √(13.916 m²/s²)

v = 3.73 m/s

(b) Calculate his acceleration (in m/s2) while he is straightening his legs. He goes from zero to the velocity found in part (a) in a distance of 0.250 m.

Using v² = u² + 2as where u = initial speed of basketball player before lengthening = 0 m/s, v = final speed of basketball player after lengthening = 3.73 m/s, a = acceleration during lengthening and s = distance moved during lengthening = 0.250 m

So, making, a subject of the formula, we have

a = (v² - u²)/2s

Substituting the values of the variables into the equation, we have

a = ((3.73 m/s)² - (0 m/s)²)/(2 × 0.250 m)

a = (13.913 m²/s² - 0 m²/s²)/(0.50 m)

a = 13.913 m²/s²/(0.50 m)

a = 27.83 m/s²

a ≅ 27.8 m/s²

Can a car moving with a negative velocity moves faster than a car moving with a positive velocity? explain.

Answers

Answer:

Yes.

Explanation:

This is because "negative velocity" just means it is in the negative in relation to the point of 0. Negative velocity doesn't equal a decrease in velocity. For example lets say you were parked next to a cone (this cone represents zero) if you accelerate forwards then that would be positive acceleration. If you were to accelerate backwards, this would be in the negative direction, aka negative velocity.

SUMMARY:

A negative velocity means that the object which has the negative velocity is moving in the opposite direction of an object moving at a positive velocity. This is a question of frame of reference. The possibility for the velocity is what makes it different to the speed. Speed is only positive.

Final answer:

In physics, a negative velocity can be faster than a positive one when considering speed alone, but not when considering motion direction. For instance, if a car is moving faster but in an opposite direction, it will have a higher speed but a negative velocity.

Explanation:

In physics, the term velocity represents both the speed of an object and its direction of motion. A negative velocity simply means that the object is moving in the opposite direction of the reference point. So, a car moving with a negative velocity can 'move faster' than a car moving with positive velocity if you're considering its speed alone.

Let's assume you have Car A moving at a speed of 40 km/hr in the eastern direction (positive velocity) and Car B moving at a speed of 60 km/hr in the western direction (negative velocity). Even though Car B is described as having a negative velocity, it is moving faster than Car A in terms of speed.

However, remember that in physics, direction matters when considering velocity. So, if you compare their velocities without ignoring the direction, Car A is moving faster to the east than Car B is to the west, even if Car B has higher speed.

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Why are chemical processes unable to produce the same amount of energy flowing out of the sun as nuclear fusion?

Answers

Answer:

Explanation:

One of the major differences between nuclear reactions and chemical reactions is that nuclear reactions involve larger amount of energy than chemical energy. This is because the force between the protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom is much higher than the force of attraction between electrons and the positively charged nucleus, hence nuclear reactions involves/requires a larger amount of energy (because it's reactions involve the nucleus) than chemical reactions (because it's reactions involve the electrons).

Thus, during nuclear fusion, two light nuclei are bombarded against one another to produce a larger/heavier nuclei with the release of large amount of energy (because the forces between the protons and neutrons are much higher) unlike when two atoms/molecules are chemically combined together to form a new molecule with the rearrangement of electrons in the valence shells of the participating molecules.

Bill and Janet are pulling on opposite sides of a table. Bill pulls with a force of450 N to the left, and Janet pulls with a force of 300 N to the right. What is
the net force on the table?
O
A. 450 N to the right
O
B. 450 N to the left
C. 150 N to the left
O
D. 150 N to the right