b. Cell walls made of cellulose
c. Alternation of generations
d. All of the above
e. A and b only
Common characteristics supporting the idea that the first land plants were related to green algae include All of the above. Thus, option "D" is correct.
The Green algae are responsible for the main supply of oxygen in the atmosphere. There are tiny organisms called cyanobacteria (or blue-green algae) which photosynthesise carbohydrates for their nutrition and growth using sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide.
The waste product of cyanobacteria is the oxygen of the atmosphere.
Thus, option "D" is correct.
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Common characteristics supporting the idea that the first land plants were related to green algae include all of the choices.
Answer:
13,636 seconds = 227.3 minutes = 3.79 hours
Explanation:
The titin protein has a molecular weight of 3,000,000 daltons, while the average molecular mass of one amino acid is 110 daltons, so it is expected that this protein is composed of 27,273 amino acids (3,000,000 daltons/110 daltons = 27,272.72). Moreover, and since the translation rate is two amino acids per sec, it is expected that the protein will be synthesized in approximately 3.79 hours (27,272.72/2 = 13,636 seconds = 227.3 minutes = 3.79 hours).
Answer:
Explanation:
Step 1: Generating a Proton Motive Force
The hydrogen carriers (NADH and FADH2) are oxidised and release high energy electrons and protons
The electrons are transferred to the electron transport chain, which consists of several transmembrane carrier proteins
As electrons pass through the chain, they lose energy – which is used by the chain to pump protons (H+ ions) from the matrix
The accumulation of H+ ions within the intermembrane space creates an electrochemical gradient (or a proton motive force)
Step Two: ATP Synthesis via Chemiosmosis
The proton motive force will cause H+ ions to move down their electrochemical gradient and diffuse back into matrix
This diffusion of protons is called chemiosmosis and is facilitated by the transmembrane enzyme ATP synthase
As the H+ ions move through ATP synthase they trigger the molecular rotation of the enzyme, synthesising ATP
Step Three: Reduction of Oxygen
In order for the electron transport chain to continue functioning, the de-energised electrons must be removed
Oxygen acts as the final electron acceptor, removing the de-energised electrons to prevent the chain from becoming blocked
Oxygen also binds with free protons in the matrix to form water – removing matrix protons maintains the hydrogen gradient
In the absence of oxygen, hydrogen carriers cannot transfer energised electrons to the chain and ATP production is halted
(B) protect coastlines from erosion.
(C) are found in shallow, nutrient poor, tropical waters.
(D) are the most diverse of all marine environments.
(E) All of these choices are correct
Answer:
(E) All of these choices are correct
Explanation:
Coral reefs are some of the most diverse ecosystems in the world. It is produced by Coral polyps and may occur as barrier, fringing, or atoll formations.
Coral reefs protect coastlines from storms and erosion, it is a rich source of job for local communities, and provides avenues for recreation. It is rich in food nutrients and can be used medicinally too.
It exhibits mutualism with photosynthetic algae called zooxanthellae. It supplies shelter and safety and materials needed by zooxanthellae for photosynthesis while it obtains nutrients and oxygen and waste removal mechanism from it.
Answer:
maternal and paternal chromosomes sort independently
Explanation:
Alleles for a gene are present on a particular locus on homologous chromosomes. Meiosis includes the pairing of homologous chromosomes and their segregation of opposite poles. One member of a homologous pair is paternal and the other is inherited from mother.
The random arrangement of homologous chromosomes at the equator of the cell during metaphase I result in independent segregation of paternal and maternal chromosomes to opposite poles during anaphase I. This leads to new combinations of traits in the progeny which were otherwise not present in either parent.
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