1. What purpose does the regulatory portion of the gene have? 2. In this simulation, the DNA molecule’s different strands are represented as different
colors one blue and one red. What is the significance of the two different
strands? Are they both used in transcription?

3. There are two required components to initiate transcription on the gene. What are they,
and where do they bind on the DNA strand?

4. How would you know if transcription has been successful?

5. How do negative transcription factors impact transcription?

6.Explain the difference in transcription between Gene 1 and Gene 2. Hypothesize the reason for the difference.

Answers

Answer 1

Answer:

Answer:

Here are my answers to your questions:

The regulatory portion of the gene is a sequence of DNA that controls the expression of the gene. It may contain binding sites for transcription factors, which are proteins that activate or repress transcription. The regulatory portion of the gene may also include elements such as enhancers, silencers, and insulators, which can influence the rate and specificity of transcription12.

The two different strands of the DNA molecule are called the template strand and the coding strand. The template strand is the one that is used by RNA polymerase to make a complementary RNA transcript during transcription. The coding strand is the one that is not used by RNA polymerase, but has the same sequence as the RNA transcript (except for T instead of U). Both strands are important for transcription, but only one is directly copied34.

The two required components to initiate transcription on the gene are RNA polymerase and a promoter. RNA polymerase is the enzyme that synthesizes RNA from a DNA template. A promoter is a sequence of DNA near the start of a gene that signals RNA polymerase where to begin transcription. RNA polymerase binds to the promoter with the help of general transcription factors, which are proteins that recognize specific features of the promoter15.

Transcription has been successful if a complete and accurate RNA transcript has been produced from the DNA template. The RNA transcript can be detected by various methods, such as hybridization with a complementary DNA probe, electrophoresis on a gel, or sequencing1.

Negative transcription factors are proteins that repress transcription by binding to DNA and preventing RNA polymerase or other activators from accessing the gene. Negative transcription factors can regulate gene expression by turning off genes that are not needed or harmful in certain conditions67.

Gene 1 and Gene 2 have different transcription rates because they have different regulatory elements and transcription factors. Gene 1 has an enhancer and an activator that increase its transcription, while Gene 2 has a silencer and a repressor that decrease its transcription. These elements and factors may respond to different signals from inside or outside the cell, such as hormones, nutrients, or stress68.

Answer 2

Answer:

1. The coding region of a gene is used to make RNA molecules. This region is controlled by regulatory portions of the gene, which are located upstream of the coding region and determine when, where, and how much they are expressed. When it is time to express a gene (turn it on), when it's not the right time to express a gene (turn it off), lastly if expression needs to be enhanced (increase the amount of protein being produced).

2. In this diagram, one strand represents the coding strand, while the other represents the template strand. The template strand acts as a model for RNA polymerase to synthesize mRNA. The template strand is read by the polymerase, and complementary bases are added to form the mRNA.

3. Two components are required to initiate transcription, including RNA polymerase and transcription factors. In addition, there is also a promoter on the gene, which acts as a sort of "entrance" for the RNA polymerase to bind and begin transcription.

4. If transcription is successful, then you would expect to see RNA being produced.

5. In order to begin transcription, the RNA polymerase/general transcription factor must bind to the promoter. There are different types of transcription factors such as activators and repressors. If a repressor binds to the promoter, this effectively "blocks" the RNA polymerase.

6. There is a difference in transcription rates between Gene 1 and Gene 2 due to differences in regulatory elements and transcription factors. There are enhancers and activators that increase Gene 1's transcription, while silencers and repressors decrease Gene 2's transcription. Signals coming from inside or outside the cell, such as hormones, nutrients, or stress, may trigger these elements and factors.

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According to the lock and key model of enzymes, which of the following would be the most likely substrate?a. V b. X c. Y d. Z e. A realistic substrate is not shown in the diagram.
Forests dominated by gymnosperms tend to have mechanisms to allow it to regenerate after a fire. As a consequence this type of forest ______________.a. dominate areas where the U.S Forest Service does not put out fires.b. only lives 20-30 yearsc. is dominated by trees of a single aged. has no overstory species
Most people feel confident that they could identify a living thing from a nonliving thing, but sometimes it’s not so easy. Scientists have argued for centuries over the basic characteristics that separate life from non-life. Some of these arguments are still unresolved. Despite these arguments, there do seem to be some generally accepted characteristics common to all living things. Anything that possesses all these characteristics of life is known as an organism. 1.The scientific term for a living thing is a(n) _____________________
Clamworms and earthworms both belong to phylum Annelida. Curiously, earthworms have a thin cuticle outside of their epidermis and clamworms do not. Considering the relationship between an organism's form/function and its environment, which of the following provides the MOST logical explanation for this difference?a. The cuticle maintains salt balance in a marine environment.b. The cuticle provides protection against predators.c. The cuticle prevents water loss in a terrestrial environment.d. The cuticle allows for improved gas exchange.

A small group of squirrels gets separated from the rest of the population due to a large flood. These squirrels, now confined to this new island, begin to start a new population. This is an example of which of the following?a. bottleneck
b. mutation
c. founder effect
d. None of these examples are correct.

Answers

Answer:

c. founder effect

Explanation:

The founder effect occurs when there is a loss or reduction of genetic variation when a new population is produced or established by a few number of individuals from a large population. In other words, a new colony is formed from a large population. This could result to differences in phenotype ad genotype of the new population from the original population.

The gene pool of the new population is also affected. The small group of squirrels that separated from the the large population during the flood to form a new population, is an example of founder effect.

In shorthorn cattle, coat colors are governed by a codominant pair of alleles R and W. The homozygous genotype RR produces red, the other homozygote produces white and the heterozygote produces roan ( a mixture of red and white). The presence of horns is produced by the homozygous recessive genotype pp and the polled condition by its dominant allele P. If roan cows heterozygous for the horned gene are mated to a horned, roan bull, what phenotype ratio is expected in the offspring?

Answers

Answer:

1/8 Red, polled

1/8 Red, horned

1/4 roan, polled

1/4 roan, horned

1/8 white, horned.

Explanation:

Roan cow with heterozygous horned genotype = RWPp

Roan, horned bull genotype = RWpp

Crossing the two:

RWPp x RWpp

Offspring:

2 RRPp = Red, polled

2 RRpp = Red, horned

4 RWPp = roan, polled

4 RWpp = roan, horned

2 WWPp = white, polled

2 WWpp = white, horned.

Hence, the phenotypic ratio is:

1/8 Red, polled

1/8 Red, horned

1/4 roan, polled

1/4 roan, horned

1/8 white, horned.

Answer:

The phenotypic ratio of the cattle offsprings is as follows:

Red polled = 1/8

Red horned = 1/8

White polled = 1/8

White horned = 1/8

Roan polled = 2/8

Roan horned = 2/8

Explanation:

This is a cross involving two genes; one coding for coat color and the other for horn in cattle. The alleles of the first gene (Red, R and White, W) are codominant i.e. will both be expressed in a heterozygous state (Roan, RW). The polled allele (P) is dominant over the horned allele (p) in the second gene.

According to the question, a roan cow that is heterozygous for the horned gene will have genotype, RWPp while a roan bull that is horned will have genotype, RWpp. Hence, in a cross between these two cattles, each parent will undergo meiosis to produce the following possible gamete combinations;

RWPp- RP, Rp, WP, Wp

RWpp- Rp, Rp, Wp, Wp

These gametes used in a punnet square (see attachment) will produce 16 possible offsprings with 6 distinct phenotypes. The phenotypes are:

Red polled (RRPp or RRPP) = 2/16 or 1/8

Red horned (RRpp) = 2/16 or 1/8

White polled (WWPP or WWPp) = 2/16 or 1/8

White horned (WWpp) = 2/16 or 1/8

Roan polled (RWPP or RWPp) = 4/16 or 2/8

Roan horned (RWpp) = 4/16 or 2/8

Scientist can determine the age of ancient objects by a method called radiocarbon dating. The bombardment of the upper atmosphere by cosmic rays converts nitrogen to a radioactive isotope of carbon, 14C, with a half-life of about 5730 years. Vegetation absorbs carbon dioxide through the atmosphere and animal life assimilates 14C through food chains. When a plant or animal dies, it stops replacing its carbon and the amount of 14C begins to decrease through radioactive decay. Therefore, the level of radioactivity must also decay exponentially. A parchment fragment was discovered that had about 64% as much 14C radioactivity as does plant material on Earth today. Estimate the age of the parchment. (Round your answer to the nearest hundred years.) yr

Answers

Answer:

$3688.323$ years

Explanation:

Given-

Half life of $14$ C $= 5730$ years

As we know -

$A_((t)) = A_0e^(kt)$

Where

$A_((t)) =$ Mass of radioactive carbon after a time period "t"

$A_0=$ initial mass of radioactive carbon

$k =$ radioactive decay constant

$t =$ time

First we will find the value of "k"

$(1)/(2) = (1)*e^(k*5730)\n$

On solving, we get -

$e^(5730*k)= 0.5\n5730*k = ln(0.5)\nk = -0.000121$

Now, when mass of 14C becomes $64$ % of the plant material on earth today, then its age would be

$A_((t)) = A_0*e^((-0.000121*t))\nA_((t))= 0.64*A_0\n0.64*A_0 = A_0*e-^((0.000121*t))\nt = 3688.323$ years

Draw a circle and label the diagram below using the following words polymer and monomer

Answers

Answer:

This question is incomplete

Explanation:

This question is incomplete because of the absence of the diagram mentioned in the question. However, when the diagram is viewed, identify/label single unit (of a molecule) that is repeated as monomer. The entire stretch of the repeated units (monomers) should be labelled as polymer.

NOTE:

Monomers are simple units/building blocks of polymers. For example, glucose molecule (in a dextran) is a monomer and ethene (in polythene) is a monomer

Polymers are large molecules consisting of repeated units of monomers. Examples are polysaccharides (such as dextran) and polythene

You are caring for a child with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. She has been genotyped and is homozygous for a TPMT polymorphism, producing very little of the enzyme needed for this drug's metabolism. How would you expect this to affect dosing of the drug 6-mercaptopurine? a. This child should receive only a small fraction of the standard dose. b. This child should receive higher doses than the standard dose. c. This child should receive the standard dose. d. This child should receive the drug intravenously rather than orally.

Answers

Answer:

This child should receive only a small fraction of the standard dose.

Explanation:

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia may be defined as the cancer in which the bone marrow continuously divide and results in the formation of large number of lymphocytes. This may also effect the red blood cells as well as platelets.

6-mercaptopurine drug is used for the treatment of the acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Since, child does not have enough enzyme for the metabolism of this drug, only the small amount of the standard dose of this drug for the cancer treatment.

Thus, the correct answer is option (b).

Why do allele frequencies give us genetic variation

Answers

Answer:

why are The more variation a population has, the better its ability to adapt to changes in its environment through natural selection. If there is more variation, the odds are better that there will be some alleles already present that allow organisms to survive and reproduce effectively under the new conditions

Explanation:

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How is a bacterium different from ours

Which of the following statements is true? Viruses do not cause communicable diseases. Vaccines are 100 percent effective in preventing disease. Communicable disease can be spread by inanimate objects, such as doorknobs. The best way to prevent catching a cold is to get yearly vaccinations.

The pedigree below tracks a genetic abnormality through five generations of a family tree. The trait, polydactyly, is characterized by extra fingers (left), toes, or both. The pedigree shows the number of fingers on each hand in black; toes on each foot, in red. male female unknown gender marriage/mating individual with the trait being studied I, II, III, IV... generation offspring Standard symbols used in pedigrees. 1 II *Gene not expressed in this carrier. III IV V (a) Using the pedigree, describe the genotypes of the parents for the trait polydactyly in generation I. (b) (6) Explain how humans are able to produce gametes that are haploid. (c) According to the pedigree, explain the inheritance pattern of the genetic abnormality polydactyly.