What is a substrate?

Answer:

By producing vitamins or breaking down molecules.

Explanation:

• Producing vitamins that humans cannot produce by themselves. Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, and members of the gut microbiota are examples of probiotics that synthesize vitamin K and others like biotin, pantothenic acid, riboflavin, and thiamine.
• Another way is by breaking down with enzymes molecules that cannot be digested by humans, for example, fiber, starches, and sugars.

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The events that lead to genetic drift are random. Genetic drift is a random change in the allele frequencies of a population. It is caused by chance events, such as the founder effect or the bottleneck effect. Hence option B is correct.

These events can cause some alleles to become more common in a population, while other alleles become less common.

Genetic drift is not always caused by natural disasters. It can also be caused by human activities, such as migration or selective breeding. However, the events that lead to genetic drift are always random.

Therefore, option B) Random is correct.

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Answer:

organism, called Paramecium. The contractile vacuole is a specialized organelle responsible for maintaining osmotic balance and regulating the water content within the cell. Paramecium lives in freshwater environments, where water continuously enters the cell through osmosis. The contractile vacuole collects excess water from the cytoplasm and pumps it out of the cell through a series of canals. This process helps Paramecium prevent the cell from bursting due to excessive water intake. The contractile vacuole also helps in removing waste materials from the cell. The picture shows a spherical contractile vacuole with multiple canals leading to the cell's surface, through which water is expelled. Overall, the contractile vacuole is a vital organelle for maintaining the internal balance and survival of unicellular freshwater organisms like Paramecium.