Answer:
the firm's cost of equity is 17.808%
Explanation:
A firm's cost of equity is the return expected by holders of Common Stock.
The Data available allows us to use the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) to determine the cost of Equity.
Cost of Equity = Risk Free Rate + Company`s Beta × Expected Return on Market Portfolio
= 2.8%+1.34×11.2%
= 17.808%
Answer:
Cost of equity = 14.1%
Explanation:
The capital asset pricing model is a risk-based model. Here, the return on equity is dependent on the level of reaction of the the equity to changes in the return on a market portfolio. These changes are captured as systematic risk. The magnitude by which a stock is affected by systematic risk is measured by beta.
Under CAPM, Ke= Rf + β(Rm-Rf)
Rf-risk-free rate (treasury bill rate), β= Beta, Rm= Return on market.
Rf- 2.8% , Rm- 11.2%, β-1.34
Using this model,
Ke= 2.8% + 1.34×(11.2%-2.8%)
= 14.1%
Complete Question:
Cell One Corporation began 2018 with retained earnings of $ 260 million. Revenues during the year were $ 520 million, and expenses totaled $ 340 million. Cell One declared dividends of $ 61 million. What was the company's ending balance of retained earnings? To answer this question, prepare Cell One's statement of retained earnings for the year ended December 31, 2018, complete with its proper heading.
Answer:
Cell Corporation
Statement of Retained Earnings for the year ended December 31, 2018:
$'million
Retained Earnings, Dec. 31, 2017 260
Net Income 180
Dividends (61)
Retained Earnings, Dec. 31, 2018 379
Explanation:
a) Data and Calculations:
Beginning Retained Earnings = $260 million
Revenues during the year were $ 520 million
Expenses totaled $ 340 million
Net Income (Revenue - Expenses) $180 million
Cell One declared dividends of $ 61 million
b) Cell Corporation's Retained Earnings for the year ended December 31, 2018 is the difference between the beginning retained earnings, net income, and the amount of dividend declared during the current year. This figure gives the amount of equity that has been retained for growing the business, which is an important internal source of corporate funding.
To calculate ending retained earnings, you start with beginning retained earnings, add her company's revenue, subtract expenses, and then subtract dividends. In this hypothetical scenario, the company would end the year with an ending balance of $3 million in retained earnings.
The calculation of the ending balance of retained earnings follows a simple formula. The beginning retained earnings, plus the revenue, subtracts expenses and then dividends. In this case, there were no specific numbers provided in the question, so let's assume examples. If a company starts with retained earnings of $2 million, earns revenue of $3 million during the year, and has total expenses of $1 million, the calculation would resemble the following:
Retained Earnings
Beginning Retained Earnings = $2 million
Add: Revenue = $3 million
Less: Expenses = $1 million
Equals: Intermediate Total = $4 million
Less: Dividends Paid = (Let's assume $1 million)
Equals: Ending Retained Earnings = $3 million
So, in this hypothetical scenario, the company would end the year with an ending balance of $3 million in retained earnings.
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Requirements
1. Record each transaction in the journal, using the following account titles: Cash; Accounts Receivable; Office Supplies; Prepaid insurance; Land; Building; Furniture; Accounts Payable; Utilities Payable; Notes Payable; Common Stock; Dividends; Service Revenue; Salaries Expense; Rent Expense; and Utilities Expense. Explanations are not required.
2. Open the following four-column accounts including account numbers: Cash, 101; Accounts Receivable, 111; Office Supplies, 121; Prepaid Insurance, 131; Land, 141; Building, 151; Furniture, 161; Accounts Payable, 201; Utilities Payable, 211; Notes Payable, 221; Common Stock, 301; Dividends, 311; Service Revenue, 411; Salaries Expense, 511; Rent Expense, 521; and Utilities Expense, 531.
3. Post the journal entries to four-column accounts in the ledger, using dates, account numbers, journal references, and posting references. Assume the journal entries were recorded on page 1 of the journal.
4. Prepare the trial balance of Theodore McMahon, Attorney, at April 30, 2018.
Answer:
1. Record each transaction in the journal. Explanations are not required.
April 1
Dr Cash 70,000
Cr Common stock 70,000
April 3
Dr Office supplies 1,100
Dr Furniture 1,300
Cr Accounts payable 2,400
April 4
Dr Cash 2,000
Cr Service revenue 2,000
April 7
Dr Land 30,000
Dr Building 150,000
Cr Cash 40,000
Cr Notes payable 140,000
April 11
Dr Accounts receivable 400
Cr Service revenue 400
April 15
Dr Salaries expense 1,200
Cr Cash 1,200
April 16
Dr Accounts payable 1,100
Cr Cash 1,100
April 18
Dr Cash 2,700
Cr Service revenue 2,700
April 19
Dr Accounts receivable 1,700
Cr Service revenue 1,700
April 25
Dr Utilities expense 650
Cr Accounts payable 650
April 28
Dr Cash 1,100
Cr Accounts receivable 1,100
April 29
Dr Prepaid insurance 3,600
Cr Cash 3,600
April 29
Dr Salaries expense 1,200
Cr Cash 1,200
April 30
Dr Rent expense 2,100
Cr Cash 2,100
April 30
Dr Dividends 3,200
Cr Cash 3,200
2. Open the following four-column accounts including account numbers:
3. Post the journal entries to four-column accounts in the ledger,
I used an excel spreadsheet to answer questions 2 and 3
4. Prepare the trial balance of Theodore McMahon, Attorney, at April 30, 2018.
In order to prepare a trial balance we must prepare an income statement first.
Service revenue $6,800
Salaries expense -$2,400
Rent expense -$2,100
Utilities expense -$650
Net income $1,650
retained earnings = net income - dividends = $1,650 - $3,200 = -$1,550
Theodore McMahon, Attorney
Balance Sheet
For the Month Ended April 30, 2018
Assets:
Cash $23,400
Accounts receivable $1,000
Prepaid insurance $3,600
Office supplies $1,100
Furniture $1,300
Land $30,000
Building $150,000
Total assets: $210,400
Liabilities and Equity:
Accounts payable $1,950
Notes payable $140,000
Common stock $70,000
Retained earnings ($1,550)
Total liabilities and equity: $210,400
The process involves journalizing each transaction that occurred in April 2018, posting these journal entries into their corresponding accounts and then preparing a trial balance to check that total debits equal total credits. However, without specific transactional data, a step-by-step guide could not be provided.
The question pertains to the fundamentals of financial accounting, primarily dealing with the concepts of journalizing transactions, posting journal entries to four-column accounts, and preparing a trial balance. Due to the lack of specific transactional data provided within the question, an exact step-by-step guide cannot be provided. However, the process can be generally explained and understand in following steps:
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Answer:
Amount overpaid = $0.0104 (Approx)
Explanation:
Given:
Quantity of apple = 5 lb
Amount paid = $ 1.99 / lb
Gravity on mountain = 9.79 m/s²
Find:
Amount overpaid
Computation:
Actual mass of apple = 5 (9.79/9.80)
Actual mass of apple = 4.9948
Actual amount = 4.9948 × 1.99
Actual amount = $9.9396
Amount overpaid = Amount paid -Actual amount
Amount overpaid = [5 x 1.99] - $9.9396
Amount overpaid = $0.0104 (Approx)
Answer:
DR Sales returns and Allowances ............................. $500
CR Accounts Receivable........................................................$500
Explanation:
Jepson returned $500 worth of goods so this would need to be accounted for by reducing the Accounts receivable amount by $500.
The returns will be accounted for in the Sales returns and allowances account which will be debited to reflect this.
Variable expenses 750,000
Contribution margin 500,000
Fixed expenses 320,000
Net operating income $ 180,000
Required:
1. Compute (a) last year's CM ratio and the break-even point in balls, and (b) the degree of operating leverage at last year’s sales level.
2. Due to an increase in labor rates, the company estimates that next year's variable expenses will increase by $3.00 per ball. If this change takes place and the selling price per ball remains constant at $25.00, what will be next year's CM ratio and the break-even point in balls?
3. Refer to the data in (2) above. If the expected change in variable expenses takes place, how many balls will have to be sold next year to earn the same net operating income, $202,000, as last year?
4. Refer again to the data in (2) above. The president feels that the company must raise the selling price of its basketballs. If Northwood Company wants to maintain the same CM ratio as last year (as computed in requirement 1a), what selling price per ball must it charge next year to cover the increased labor costs?
5. Refer to the original data. The company is discussing the construction of a new, automated manufacturing plant. The new plant would slash variable expenses per ball by 40.00%, but it would cause fixed expenses per year to double. If the new plant is built, what would be the company’s new CM ratio and new break-even point in balls?
6. Refer to the data in (5) above.
a. If the new plant is built, how many balls will have to be sold next year to earn the same net operating income, $202,000, as last year?
b. Assume the new plant is built and that next year the company manufactures and sells 37,000 balls (the same number as sold last year). Prepare a contribution format income statement and compute the degree of operating leverage.
Answer:
Please find attached solutions
Explanation:
a. Last year contribution margin ratio
= Contribution margin / Sales
= $500,000 / $1,250,000
= 40%
ai Break even point in balls
But Contribution margin per unit
= $25 - $15
= $10 per unit.
Therefore ,
Break even point in balls
= Fixed cost / Contribution margin per unit
= $320,000 / $10
= 32,000 balls.
b. The degree of operating leverage at last year' s sales level
= Contribution margin / Net operating income
= $500,000 / $180,000
= 2.78
Please other solutions are as attached.
The manufacturing company must calculate and consider several factors when deciding on changes to labor costs and manufacturing processes, including the Contribution Margin (CM) ratio, break-even point, degrees of operating leverage, and the potential impact of a new automated plant.
The Northwood Company, which manufactures basketballs, has to make several business decisions based on manufacturing costs, sales, and net operating income. Many essential factors have to be calculated, such as the Contribution Margin (CM) ratio, the break-even point, the degree of operating leverage, and potential changes due to increased labor rates and a different manufacturing plant.
1. (a) Last year's CM ratio was 40% (500,000 / 1,250,000). The break-even point in balls is 32,000 balls (320,000 / 25 ×0.40). (b) The degree of operating leverage at last year’s sales level is 2.78 (500,000 / 180,000).
2. If variable expenses increase by $3.00 per ball, next year's CM ratio will be 28% ((25-18) / 25). The break-even point in balls is 45,714 balls (320,000 / (25×0.28)).
3. If the expected change in variable expenses takes place, 56,667 balls will have to be sold next year to earn the same net operating income, $202,000 ((320,000 + 202,000) / (25×0.28)).
4. To maintain the same CM ratio, the selling price per ball must be $30.00 next year ((15+3)/0.4).
5. If a new automated manufacturing plant is built, the new CM ratio would be 64% ((15×0.6) / 25) and the new break-even point in balls is 50,000 balls ((320,000×2) / (25×0.64)).
6. (a) If the new plant is built, 56,333 balls will have to be sold next year to earn the same net operating income, $202,000 ((320,000×2 + 202,000) / (25×0.64)). (b) If 37,000 balls are sold, the company's contribution format income statement would show sales of $925,000, variable expenses of $333,000, fixed expenses of $640,000, and a net operating loss of $48,000. The degree of operating leverage is negative in this case because of the loss.
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Answer:
The company must sell 34706 units
Explanation:
To calculate the units required to earn a target profit of $1000000 next year, we will use the break even analysis modified for target profit calculation.
The break even in units is calculated by dividing the Total fixed costs by the contribution margin per unit. To calculate the units required for target profit, we add the target profit amount to the fixed cost and divide it by the contribution margin per unit. Thus, the formula is,
Units required for target profit = (Total fixed cost + target profit) / Contribution margin per unit
Where contribution margin per unit = Selling price per unit - Variable cost per unit
New fixed costs = 700000 + 700000 * 0.1 = 770000
New variable cost = 45 - 3 = 42
New contribution margin per unit = 93 - 42 = $51
Units required for target profit = (770000 + 1000000) / 51
Units required for target profit = 34705.88 rounded off to 34706 units