b. They are two identical copies of a parent chromosome which are attached to one another at the centromere.
c. They always produce identical phenotypes.
d. They are chromosomes that have identical genes and alleles.
a. hypo.
b. hyper.
A substance that affects the rate of a chemical reaction is typically referred to as a "catalyst."
A catalyst is a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction by providing an alternative reaction pathway with a lower activation energy. The catalyst itself is not consumed in the reaction and remains unchanged at the end of the reaction, making it available for use in subsequent reactions.
Catalysts work by providing an alternative mechanism for the reaction that has a lower energy barrier, allowing the reaction to occur more rapidly. They facilitate the formation of reaction intermediates and transition states, making it easier for the reactants to transform into products.
Catalysts are widely used in various chemical processes, both in laboratory settings and industrial applications, to speed up reactions, improve efficiency, and reduce the amount of energy needed for a reaction to occur. They play a crucial role in fields like chemistry, biochemistry, and industrial manufacturing, enhancing the production of essential materials and products.
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Complete Question is:
A substance that affects the rate of a chemical reaction is ________.
the answer is Eukaryotes