Which food contamination is best prevented by cooking to safe temperatures?

a. State Variables and State Space:

1.Cell Density (N): The number of yeast or bacterial cells present in the chemostat at a given time. The state space for N is the set of non-negative real numbers (N ≥ 0).

2.Concentration of Substrate (S): The concentration of the nutrient (e.g., glucose) in the liquid medium. The state space for S is the set of non-negative real numbers (S ≥ 0).

3.Dilution Rate (D): The rate at which medium is added to the chemostat relative to the volume of the chemostat. The state space for D is the set of non-negative real numbers (D ≥ 0).

4.Effluent Concentration (S_out, N_out): The concentration of substrate and cell density in the effluent leaving the chemostat. The state space for S_out and N_out is the set of non-negative real numbers (S_out ≥ 0, N_out ≥ 0).

b. Parameters:

1.Maximum Specific Growth Rate (μ_max): The maximum growth rate of cells under ideal conditions (maximal nutrient availability and absence of inhibitory factors). It is a positive real number (μ_max > 0).

2.Half-Saturation Constant (K_s): The concentration of substrate at which the specific growth rate is half of μ_max. It is a positive real number (K_s > 0).

3.Yield Coefficient (Y): The amount of biomass (cells) produced per unit of substrate consumed. It is a positive real number (Y > 0).

4.Dilution Rate (D): This is both a state variable and a parameter. As a parameter, it represents the rate at which medium is added to the chemostat, and it can vary within the state space (D ≥ 0).

5.Inlet Concentration (S_in): The concentration of substrate in the incoming medium. It is a positive real number (S_in > 0).

6.Effluent Flow Rate (Q): The rate at which medium and cells exit the chemostat through the effluent tube. It is a positive real number (Q > 0).

7.Cell Death Rate (μ_death): The rate at which cells die in the chemostat due to factors such as predation or aging. It is a positive real number (μ_death > 0).

c. Justification for Model Type:

This should be a continuous time model because the growth and dynamics of yeast and bacterial populations in a chemostat occur continuously over time. Cells divide continuously, and changes in cell density, substrate concentration, and other state variables are continuous and smooth. Discrete time models, which operate in discrete time steps, may not capture the nuances of these continuous processes accurately. Therefore, a continuous time model, possibly using differential equations, would better represent the system's behavior in a chemostat.

The correct answer is option B) i.e. they are having a positive impact on the environment by acting as decomposers.

By acting as decomposers beetles are helping in recycling of nutrients between biotic (organisms) and abiotic factors (enviroment). So, it may be considered as positive impact on the environment. Decomposers play a very important role in food chains and food webs. They breakdown biomolecules and liberate the micronutrients and micronutrients as inorganic molecules back to the environment. These inorganic molecules are used by plants once again  to synthesize biomolecules. This is how nutrient cycle operates with the help of decomposers. For example, protein molecules of dead and decaying matter are broken down by decomposers to liberate nitrogen gas to the environment which is utilized by leguminous plants to make protein molecules again.

Answer

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Explanation:

The site of protein synthesis occurs in ribosomes, which are located in the rough endoplasmic reticulum.

Answer:

Try "all living things are made of cells". I'm really just guessing,but good luck!!!!!!