c. gallbladder
b. appendix
d. rectum
b)Subarachnoid space
c)Dura mater
d)Grey matter
b.Na+ and K+ leaks
c.Na+ cotransporter
d.Na+-K+ ATPase
The Na+-K+ ATPase, a membrane protein pump, prevents the sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) gradients from dissipating by actively transporting these ions against their concentration gradients.
The mechanism that prevents the Na+ and K+ gradients from dissipating is the Na+-K+ ATPase. This is an integral membrane protein pump found in almost all animal cell membranes. This pump carries out the function of moving 3 sodium ions out of the cell and 2 potassium ions into the cell during each cycle of pumping. This is done at the expense of one ATP (adenosine triphosphate) molecule, hence the name ATPase. This active transport work against the concentration gradients of these ions, hence maintaining their respective gradients across the cell membrane.
#SPJ11
b. algae
c. trees
d. photosynthetic bacteria