Genetic variety slowly causes hundreds of species of beetles to form from a single species.
B)
A single antibiotic is able to quickly and easily kill millions of genetically identical bacteria.
C)
Millions of bacteria are quickly produced by cell division, in one afternoon in a jug of milk that has been left on the counter.
Eliminate
D)
Male anglerfish must live on larger females as parasitic mates, since they encounter other anglerfish so infrequently in the deep ocean.
Answer:
The correct answer would be B) A single antibiotic is able to quickly and easily kill millions of genetically identical bacteria.
Asexual reproduction results in the production of offspring which are identical to each other as well to the parent cell or organism. They are termed as clones.
Lack of genetic diversity makes them prone to the extinction.
As they all have identical genetic material, they become prone to same threats. For example, if one cell or organism is vulnerable to temperature change then the entire population can be extinct due to a similar change in the temperature.
Similarly, if a single antibiotic can kill one bacteria then it can kill the entire population due to their identical genome.
(1) DNA in muscle cells
(2) base sequences in liver cells
(3) genes in an egg cell
(4) number of chromosomes in a fetal bone cell
b. construction.
c. technology.
d. all of the above.
Answer:
it would be D. All the above hope this helps :)
Explanation:
b. List all the parameters you think might be relevant to this model. Describe in words the meaning of each parameter and any restrictions on their values.
c. Justify whether this should be a discrete time model or continuous time model.
a. State Variables and State Space:
1.Cell Density (N): The number of yeast or bacterial cells present in the chemostat at a given time. The state space for N is the set of non-negative real numbers (N ≥ 0).
2.Concentration of Substrate (S): The concentration of the nutrient (e.g., glucose) in the liquid medium. The state space for S is the set of non-negative real numbers (S ≥ 0).
3.Dilution Rate (D): The rate at which medium is added to the chemostat relative to the volume of the chemostat. The state space for D is the set of non-negative real numbers (D ≥ 0).
4.Effluent Concentration (S_out, N_out): The concentration of substrate and cell density in the effluent leaving the chemostat. The state space for S_out and N_out is the set of non-negative real numbers (S_out ≥ 0, N_out ≥ 0).
b. Parameters:
1.Maximum Specific Growth Rate (μ_max): The maximum growth rate of cells under ideal conditions (maximal nutrient availability and absence of inhibitory factors). It is a positive real number (μ_max > 0).
2.Half-Saturation Constant (K_s): The concentration of substrate at which the specific growth rate is half of μ_max. It is a positive real number (K_s > 0).
3.Yield Coefficient (Y): The amount of biomass (cells) produced per unit of substrate consumed. It is a positive real number (Y > 0).
4.Dilution Rate (D): This is both a state variable and a parameter. As a parameter, it represents the rate at which medium is added to the chemostat, and it can vary within the state space (D ≥ 0).
5.Inlet Concentration (S_in): The concentration of substrate in the incoming medium. It is a positive real number (S_in > 0).
6.Effluent Flow Rate (Q): The rate at which medium and cells exit the chemostat through the effluent tube. It is a positive real number (Q > 0).
7.Cell Death Rate (μ_death): The rate at which cells die in the chemostat due to factors such as predation or aging. It is a positive real number (μ_death > 0).
c. Justification for Model Type:
This should be a continuous time model because the growth and dynamics of yeast and bacterial populations in a chemostat occur continuously over time. Cells divide continuously, and changes in cell density, substrate concentration, and other state variables are continuous and smooth. Discrete time models, which operate in discrete time steps, may not capture the nuances of these continuous processes accurately. Therefore, a continuous time model, possibly using differential equations, would better represent the system's behavior in a chemostat.
A) a defect in the synthesis of the glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
B) a defect in the mannose-6-phosphate receptor in the Golgi apparatus
C) a defect in the releasing small molecules from digested materials into the cytosol
D) a defect in a hydrolytic enzyme that breaks down polysaccharide
E) a defect in the process of adding a mannose-6-phosphate signal to lysosomal hydrolases
F) a defect in the mannose-6-phosphate receptor in the mitochondria
Answer:
B); D) and E)
Explanation:
B) a defect in the mannose-6-phosphate receptor in the Golgi apparatus.
Explanation: The mannose-6-phosphate receptors (MPR's) in the Golgi apparatus are essential for targeting the mannose-6-phosphate tagged lysosomal proteins to the lysosome.
D) a defect in a hydrolytic enzyme that breaks down polysaccharide.
Explanation: Lysosomes contain enzymes that hydrolyze polysaccharides, therefore any defects in these enzymes causes malfunctioning of the lysosome.
E) a defect in the process of adding a mannose-6-phosphate signal to lysosomal hydrolases.
Explanation: In the Golgi apparatus lysosomal proteins are tagged with mannose-6-phosphate so that they are specifically transported to the lysosomes.