Answer:
C15H24O
Explanation:
TO GET THE EMPIRICAL FORMULA, WE NEED TO KNOW THE MASSES AND CONSEQUENTLY THE NUMBER OF MOLES OF EACH OF THE INDIVIDUAL CONSTITUENT ELEMENTS.
FIRSTLY, WE CAN GET THE MASS OF THE CARBON FROM THAT OF THE CARBON IV OXIDE. WE NEED TO KNOW THE NUMBER OF MOLES OF CARBON IV OXIDE GIVEN OFF. THIS CAN BE CALCULATED BY DIVIVDING THE MASS BY THE MOLAR MASS OF CARBON IV OXIDE. THE MOLAR MASS OF CARBON IV OXIDE IS 44G/MOL
The combustion of 1.376 g of butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) produced 4.122 g CO2 and 1.350 g H2O. Calculations yield an empirical formula of CH2O, indicating one carbon, two hydrogen, and one oxygen atom.
To determine the empirical formula of butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), we can follow these steps:
1. **Find moles of CO2 and H2O produced:**
\[ \text{moles of } CO_2 = \frac{\text{mass of } CO_2}{\text{molar mass of } CO_2} \]
\[ \text{moles of } H_2O = \frac{\text{mass of } H_2O}{\text{molar mass of } H_2O} \]
2. **Find the mole ratio:**
Divide the moles of each element (C, H, and O) in CO2 and H2O by the smallest number of moles.
3. **Write the empirical formula:**
Use the mole ratios to write the empirical formula.
Let's perform the calculations:
\[ \text{Molar mass of } CO_2 = 12.01 \, \text{(C)} + 2 \times 16.00 \, \text{(O)} = 44.01 \, \text{g/mol} \]
\[ \text{Molar mass of } H_2O = 2 \times 1.01 \, \text{(H)} + 16.00 \, \text{(O)} = 18.02 \, \text{g/mol} \]
\[ \text{moles of } CO_2 = \frac{4.122 \, \text{g}}{44.01 \, \text{g/mol}} \approx 0.0938 \, \text{mol} \]
\[ \text{moles of } H_2O = \frac{1.350 \, \text{g}}{18.02 \, \text{g/mol}} \approx 0.0749 \, \text{mol} \]
Divide by the smallest number of moles (0.0749) to get a ratio close to 1:1:
\[ \text{C} : \text{H} : \text{O} \approx 1.25 : 1 : 1 \]
The ratio is approximately 1:1:1, so the empirical formula is CH2O.
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The polarity of a water molecule comes from the uneven distribution of electron density of hydrogen and oxygen atom. The oxygen in the water molecule is more electronegative than the hydrogen. Water has a partial positive charge near the hydrogen atom and a partial negative charge near the oxygen atom. The result of this electrostatic attraction results in the bond called hydrogen bond. Also, because of this bond, it has the ability to dissolve most of the solutes due to its polarity and bonding.
Fossils
Timelines
Molecular clocks
Molecular clocks use the relationship between the DNA of several groups of organisms to evaluate how long ago they diverged evolutionarily from one another. Therefore, option (4) is correct.
The molecular clock can be described as a figurative term for a technique that utilizes the mutation rate of biomolecules to determine the time when two or more life forms diverged. The biomolecular data used are usually nucleotide sequences for DNA, RNA, or amino acid sequences for proteins.
The benchmarks for calculating the mutation rate are often fossil or archaeological dates. The molecular clock is commonly used in molecular evolution to estimate times of speciation or radiation.
The molecular clock can only give one time period as it cannot assign concrete dates. For viral phylogenetics and ancient DNA studies, the areas of evolutionary biology, the intermediate samples can be utilized to more precisely calibrate the molecular clock.
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