Answer;
High-energy electrons pump hydrogen ions against the concentration gradient.
Explanation;
-The electron transport chain sets up a proton concentration gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane, with more protons outside the membrane.
-As a result of this gradient, the protons are waiting to get across the membrane. This happens through the transmembrane protein ATP synthase, which uses the energy moving protons through its pore to add a phosphate to ADP, thus producing ATP.
During the electron transport chain, ATP synthase leads to the production of large amounts of ATP.
Further Explanation:
Electron transport chain mainly occurs in mitochondria. The electron transport chain sets up a proton concentration gradient across the mitochondrial inner membrane, with more protons outside the membrane. Due to this concentration gradient, the protons are going outside the membrane. This movement is possible due to transmembrane protein, ATP synthase.
The ATP is produced by the use of proton motive force this reaction is catalyzed by ATP synthase. This multiprotein synthase is also well-known as F0 F1 complex .The ATP molecule is synthesized when proton flow back from the inner membrane down the electrochemical proton gradient. ATP synthase mainly has two components F1 ATPase and F0 which is fixed in the inner membrane and contain alpha, beta and C unit.
As the electrons travel along the electron transport chain, energy is released which helps in the pumping of protons (ions) into the lumen from the stroma through the thylakoid membrane. A proton gradient is allows the movement of protons back to the stroma which in turn results in the formation of ATP through membrane-bound ATP synthase
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Answer Details:
Grade: High School
Subject: Biology
Chapter: Plant Cell
Keywords:
ATP synthase, membrane, alpha, beta, proton motive force, Electron transport chain, mitochondria, thylakoid membrane, stroma, energy, proton.
Don't choose the other answer unless you want to be wrong!
The correct answer is:
conidiophore
This is what the lesson says:
Reproduction among the fungi can occur both asexually and sexually. Asexually, fungi can reproduce by fission, fragmentation, budding, and producing spores. Spores are common reproductive structures among fungi. These spores can be carried by the wind, giving the stationary fungus the ability to spread its offspring over great distances. Molds reproduce by spores. A fertile hypha that bears spores is a conidiophore.
The genes involved in albinism are not linked. Gene mapping enables the localization of different genes on specific chromosomes.
Gene mapping refers to the genetic techniques used to establish the locations of specific genes on the chromosomes.
Moreover, a karyotype is a preparation of the set of condensed chromosomes in the metaphase stage, which are ordered according to their length.
In this case, it is possible to conclude that the four genes involved in albinism are not linked because they are found on different chromosomes (chromosomes 11, 15, 9 and 5).
Since albinism is passed from parents to offspring in an autosomal recessive inheritance pattern, a person can receive this trait by receiving two copies (one of each parent) for the four mutated genes involved in albinism.
Learn more about gene mapping here:
kingdom
2. second
species
3. third
genus
4. fourth
family
5. fifth
class
6. sixth
domain
7. seventh
phylum/division
8. eighth
order
B. RNA
C. DNA
D. starch
Answer:
C. DNA
Explanation:
Prior to the discovery of DNA it was believed that proteins were responsible for carrying the hereditary information of the living organism. However, DNA was discovered in 1869 by German biochemist Johann Friedrich Miescher. His research focused on the white blood cells of pus, as these cells have large nuclei and are easy to isolate from the cytoplasm. The goal was to determine the chemical compounds in the nucleus of cells. The material for his research, pus, was easy to obtain from the bandages used for the wounds.
The biochemist has discovered a material of acidic nature composed of phosphorus and nitrogen. It was a compound, apparently made up of large molecules which it called nuclein.
In 1880 Albrecht Kossel demonstrated that the nuclein contained nitrogenous bases in its structure, hence they were rich in nitrogen as Miescher had shown.
In 1889, Miescher's pupil Richard Altmann proves the acidic nature by obtaining the high-purity nuclein, and called it nucleic acid, DNA.