When a metal reacts with a nonmetal, the resulting reaction often involves the transfer of electrons from the metal to the nonmetal, leading to the formation of ions with different charges. This type of reaction is known as a redox (reduction-oxidation) reaction. Redox reactions involve changes in the oxidation states (or oxidation numbers) of the elements involved, and they are fundamental in understanding chemical reactions.
Here's why such reactions are typically redox reactions:
Metals tend to lose electrons: Metals are located on the left side of the periodic table, and they have relatively low electronegativities. This means they have a tendency to lose electrons to achieve a stable, positively charged ion (cation) with a filled outer electron shell.
Nonmetals tend to gain electrons: Nonmetals are usually located on the right side of the periodic table and have higher electronegativities. They have a tendency to gain electrons to achieve a stable, negatively charged ion (anion) with a filled outer electron shell.
When a metal reacts with a nonmetal, the metal atoms lose electrons (undergo oxidation) and form positively charged ions, while the nonmetal atoms gain electrons (undergo reduction) and form negatively charged ions. This exchange of electrons leads to a change in the oxidation states of the elements involved, and it's the hallmark of a redox reaction.
For example, consider the reaction between sodium (a metal) and chlorine (a nonmetal) to form sodium chloride:
2Na (sodium) + Cl2 (chlorine) → 2NaCl (sodium chloride)
In this reaction, sodium loses one electron to become Na+ (oxidation), while chlorine gains one electron to become Cl- (reduction). The transfer of electrons between the two elements results in the formation of the ionic compound sodium chloride, and it's a classic example of a redox reaction.
While many metal-nonmetal reactions are redox reactions, it's important to note that not all reactions between metals and nonmetals involve a transfer of electrons. Some reactions can be purely ionic or involve covalent bonding without a net exchange of electrons, depending on the specific elements and conditions involved. However, the tendency for metals to lose electrons and nonmetals to gain electrons often makes redox reactions a common occurrence in these reactions
The safest method for diluting concentrated sulfuric acid with water is to add acid to water. This way, when spill occurs, the acid is already diluted and less harmful than adding water to acid.
(1) Group 1, Period 4 (3) Group 2, Period 3
(2) Group 2, Period 5 (4) Group 3, Period 4
Answer: Option (2) is the correct answer.
Explanation:
Ionization energy is defined as the energy required to remove the most loosely bound electron from a neutral gaseous atom.
And, when we move across a period then there is a decrease in the ionization energy due to decrease in the size of atoms.
Whereas when we move down a group then there is an increase in ionization energy because of increase in size of the atoms.
Since, it is given that each atom has 2 valence electrons therefore, all the atoms belong to group 2.
And, as it has lower first ionization energy than calcium it means the atom is larger in size than calcium atom.
Hence, we can conclude that this element located in Group 2, Period 5 on the periodic table.
The element with two valence electrons and a first ionization energy lower than calcium would be found in Group 2, Period 5 on the Periodic Table.
The element you're referring to, with two valence electrons and a lower first ionization energy than calcium, would be located in Group 2, Period 5 on the Periodic Table.
Here's why: Group 2 elements, or alkaline earth metals, all have two valence electrons. Periods on the other hand, describe the energy level of an atom's outermost electrons, with higher periods corresponding to higher energy levels. Thus, an atom in a higher period would have a lower ionization energy (the energy required to remove an electron) than one in a lower period.
Therefore, because the first ionization energy is lower than calcium (which is in Group 2, Period 4) but still has two valence electrons, this element would be located one period below, in Group 2, Period 5.
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1200 meters
B.
2400 meters
C.
3600 meters
D.
4800 meters
E.
7200 meters
of the Constitution?
(1) protesting the impressment of United States
sailors
(2) purchasing the Louisiana Territory from
France
(3) pardoning violators of the Alien and Sedition
Acts
(4) using the United States Navy to subdue the
Barbary pirates