The layer of solid ground that makes up all of Earth’s continents is called the Lithosphere. Thus, the correct option for this question is A.
The lithosphere may be defined as the rigid and outer part of any celestial body like earth. The lithosphere of the earth significantly includes the brittle upper portion of the mantle and the crust along with the outermost layers of Earth's structure.
In the region of the lithosphere, the rocks are cooler, stronger, and more rigid as compared to the other parts of the earth's surface. It is the strength of the rock and the existence of the continents that differentiated the lithosphere from other parts.
Therefore, the lithosphere is the layer of solid ground that makes up all of Earth’s continents. Thus, the correct option for this question is A.
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Although pterosaurs are reptiles, they are not marine reptiles. The answer is pterosaurs.
B through the process of respiration in these organisms
C through death and decomposition
D through the microbial process of ammonification
E through chemical reactions in acidifying oceans
Carbon locked in shells of marine organisms moves back to the atmosphere through death and decomposition of those organisms.
The carbon cycle refers to the movement of carbon through the biogeochemical cycle. The carbon cycle cuts across;
Carbon locked in shells of marine organisms moves back to the atmosphere through death and decomposition of those organisms.
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The Arctic and the summits of mountains are home to tundra ecosystems, which are characterized by their lack of trees and harsh climates with little rainfall.
Snow covers tundra lands for the majority of the year, but summer provides bursts of wildflowers.
The small plants of the tundra employ dormant strategies, producing seeds only occasionally, turning with the sun to absorb energy, and growing protective coverings.
The ability to build subterranean insulated tunnels as well as heavy winter coats, seasonal color-changing camouflage, and efficient body shapes have all been developed by animals that live in the Arctic tundra.
Therefore, The Arctic and the summits of mountains are home to tundra ecosystems, which are characterized by their lack of trees and harsh climates with little rainfall.
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Answer: Plants and animals are able to survive in the tundra because they have adaptations that allow them to thrive in the harsh conditions of the Arctic and sub-Arctic regions. These adaptations include thick fur or feathers to insulate against the cold, small body size to minimize heat loss, and the ability to store food and nutrients during the short growing season. Additionally, many tundra plants have shallow roots that can absorb nutrients quickly when they are available, and some have developed the ability to photosynthesize at low temperatures and with minimal sunlight.