Answer:
Explanation:
Step 1: Generating a Proton Motive Force
The hydrogen carriers (NADH and FADH2) are oxidised and release high energy electrons and protons
The electrons are transferred to the electron transport chain, which consists of several transmembrane carrier proteins
As electrons pass through the chain, they lose energy – which is used by the chain to pump protons (H+ ions) from the matrix
The accumulation of H+ ions within the intermembrane space creates an electrochemical gradient (or a proton motive force)
Step Two: ATP Synthesis via Chemiosmosis
The proton motive force will cause H+ ions to move down their electrochemical gradient and diffuse back into matrix
This diffusion of protons is called chemiosmosis and is facilitated by the transmembrane enzyme ATP synthase
As the H+ ions move through ATP synthase they trigger the molecular rotation of the enzyme, synthesising ATP
Step Three: Reduction of Oxygen
In order for the electron transport chain to continue functioning, the de-energised electrons must be removed
Oxygen acts as the final electron acceptor, removing the de-energised electrons to prevent the chain from becoming blocked
Oxygen also binds with free protons in the matrix to form water – removing matrix protons maintains the hydrogen gradient
In the absence of oxygen, hydrogen carriers cannot transfer energised electrons to the chain and ATP production is halted
Answer:
between the arachnoid and dura
Explanation:
hope it helpss
Answer:
No, since different genes will exert varying degrees of influence on the trait
Explanation:
The term quantitative heritability refers to the transmission of a phenotypic trait in which expression depends on the additive effect of a series of genes.
Polygenic heritability occurs when a trait results from the interaction of more than one gene. And these genes can also have more than two alleles. The action of many genes and alleles can cause many different combinations that are the reason for genotypic graduation.
Quantitative traits are those that can be measure, such as longitude, weight, eggs laid per female, among others. These characters do not group individuals by any precise and clear categories. Instead, they group individuals in many different categories that depend on how the genes were intercrossed and distributed during meiosis. The result depends on the magnitude in which each allele contributes to the final phenotypeand genotype. When they interact, they create a gradation in phenotypes, according to the level of contribution.
Let us see, for instance, the eye color trait, which results from the interaction of many genes. Two of them significantly contribute to the color green, blue, or brown, while the rest of the involved genes play a role in defining the spectrum of phenotypes of each eye color. So, there are different tones of blue eyes, green eyes, and brown eyes, and the differences are determined by the contribution of each allele to the phenotype.
In polygenic inheritance, multiple genes influence a trait, and theycan have varying degrees of influence rather than having the exact same effect.
In polygenic inheritance, it is not accurate to say that all genes controlling a trait will have exactly the same influence over the trait. Polygenic inheritance involves multiple genes that work together to influence a trait. This means that these genes do not necessarily exert the same degree of influence; rather, they can and often do exert varying degrees of influence on the expression of a trait. For example, in human skin color, a characteristic feature of polygenic inheritance, several genes, each with different levels of influence, contribute to the trait's expression.
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Answer: The Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) is caused by defective genes contained in mitochondrial DNA.
Explanation:
LHON is causes the vision loss. This occurs due to mutation in the mitochondrial DNA. The symptoms are not associated vision loss thus it is difficult to predict that which member of family was the carrier of the disease. Some people do not get completely blind. A young male is expected to develop a risk of 50% development of this disease.
Answer:
DNA in eukaryotes have introns which are the non-coding sequences and are spliced out of primary transcript. They are not present in mature mRNA.
Explanation:
The reading frame of 50 or more nucleotides without any termination codon in between is called an open reading frame. The long open reading frames mostly represent protein-coding genes.
Hence, long open reading frames are searched for in order to find the genes. The presence of introns in eukaryotic DNA does not allow the application of this approach to find genes in eukaryotes.
The post-transcriptional modification of the primary transcript removes the introns. Hence, a mature mRNA does not have introns. Therefore, introns do not contain open reading frames.
2-duplicates its genetic material
3-only one type of cell involved
4-requires two parents
It requires two parents, does not describe parthenogenesis in organisms.
The correct option is 4.
Parthenogenesis is the process in which reproduction happens without the fertilization of sperm.
It is the development of an embryo without fertilization of the egg.
Animals such as bees, wasps, and ants, do parthenogenesis.
It includes only one parent.
Thus, the correct option is 4, which requires two parents.
Learn more about parthenogenesis, here:
Answer:
4
Explanation:
asexual reproduction means only one parent
Answer:
Proten W
Explanation:
SDS-PAGE gel is a method used for the separation of proteins in which proteins are separated based on their length (smaller proteins move faster through the gel, due to less resistance).
When treated with proteolytic enzymes, proteins are cut and become short fragment. This means that the fragments formed after the use of proteolytic enzymes, will move faster and thus, migrate a longer distance. Proteolytic enzymes in Set 2 cells will act only on plasma membrane proteins (because they cannot penetrate), while in Set 2 they will act on both, plasma membrane and interior proteins. Control group will have only the large fragments (not treated with enzyme).
Protein W travels the same distance on a gel of proteins from Set 1 and Set 2, but different than control group. It means that the proteolytic enzyme worked the same on Set 1 and Set 2.