How did the Mongol empire build upon or transform the societies and relationships that prevailed before the Mongol movement? In what ways did Mongol rule stimulate the changes that emerged following the Mongol movement?

Final answer:

Under Chinggis Khan, the Mongol Empire established new law codes and societal norms, transforming a semi-nomadic society into a more settled, materialistic society with a stronger military. The Empire incorporated societies they conquered, drawing from their administrative practices, fostering trade, and accommodating diversity. This stimulated vast societal and relational change after the Mongol movement.

Explanation:

The Mongol Empire, under the rule of Chinggis Khan, brought significant changes to societies and relationships that prevailed before them. One of Khan's greatest contributions was the yassa, a law code designed to help his semi-nomadic people live harmoniously. This also marked the beginning of a more peaceful, yet materialistic society, propelling the transformation of the Mongol army into a sophisticated war machine.

The Mongols incorporated societies they conquered into their empire, transforming their rule and stimulating major societal changes. In regions like China, the impact of the Mongol conquest was comprehensive, incorporating it into the vast Mongol domain and making it a nominal capital. The Mongols drew from Chinese practices of taxation and administration while also developing policies favorable to trade and expanding the circulation of paper money.

Their rule also birthed a cosmopolitan spirit, attracting foreign traders to China. Significant changes were brought not just at the military and administrative levels but also social policies. The Mongol Empire alleviated public hardships by structuring more benevolent policies, such as forgiving the tax burden for villages affected by natural disasters and reducing the number of crimes punishable by death.

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Answer:

The Mongol Empire resembled other empires in that it relied on the military

capabilities of pastoral peoples; brought together numerous pastoral clans under a

single leader’ and relied on the extraction of resources from settled societies to

hold its confederation together.

• Intense factionalism among the Mongols, rapidly rising prices, furious epidemics

of the plague, and growing peasant revolts forced the Mongols out of China by

1368, less than a century after they had finally conquered the Chinese.

n the Islamic world, the Mongol conquest of Persia resulted in the conversion of

large numbers of Mongols to the Muslim faith. While Mongol domination of

Persia did damage Persian agriculture, the Mongols had less of an impact on

Persian government, as Mongol rulers made extensive use of the sophisticated

Persian bureaucracy. Ultimately, a number of Mongols turned to farming, married

local people, and were assimilated into Persian society.

• The Mongols conquered but did not occupy Russia. Instead, Russian princes

received appointment from the khan in return for spending substantial tribute. The

impact of the conquest was uneven, but in general the absence of direct Mongol

rule meant that the Mongols were far less influenced by or assimilated within

Russian cultures that their counterparts in China and Persia had been. Russians,

on the other had, were profoundly affected by Mongol domination. Russian prices

found it useful to adopt the Mongols’ weapons, diplomatic rituals, court practices,

taxation system, and military draft.

• The Mongols united a divided china. However, in terms of governing techniques

and the position of the emperor, the Mongols adopted many preexisting Chinese

systems and ideas.

• Europe was stimulated by a flow of ideas and technologies through Mongolfacilitated networks of exchange, by the opportunity for Europeans to travel the

length of the Mongol Empire (expanding the mental horizon of Europe), and by

the collapse of the Mongol Empire (which provided an incentive for Europeans to

take the sea in their continuing efforts to reach the riches of Asia). Europe was

also affected adversely by the spread of the Black Death along these same

networks of exchange.

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