B. several distantly related species develop similarities.
C. a species evolves at a slow, steady pace.
D. a species has periods of little evolution interrupted by periods of rapid evolution.
Answer: The correct answer is-
C. a species evolves at a slow, steady pace.
Gradualism can be describesd as a pattern/ theory of evolution by which already existing species give rise to new species by means of slow/ gradual and steady changes instead of major and abrupt changes.
Over long period of time, the small changes (that are beneficial for their survival) result in new species.
Example- Tiger that is evolved pattern of stripes ( which give them better advantage to hide in tall grass).
Thus, option C) a species evolves at a slow, steady pace. is the right answer.
B. RNA polymerase will now bind to the coding region of the gene and carry out transcription.
C. RNA polymerase may not be able to bind to the DNA, so transcription will not occur
A scientist modified the structure of a promoter region of a gene. its effect on transcription and translation is that the RNA polymerase cannot bind on the promoter region, therefore no transcription will take place. As a result there will be no protein translation.
Answer: C) RNA polymerase may not be able to bind to the DNA, so transcription will not occur.
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a) True
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b. vital organs that are functional only in alternate generations of a lineage
c. redundant organs present in an organism, which have been functional in the organism’s ancestors
d. redundant organs present in an organism, which will be functional in the succeeding generations of the lineage
Answer:
The correct answer is c. redundant organs present in an organism, which have been functional in the organism’s ancestors.
Vestigial organ are those which are retained in the evolution however lost their original functions due to change living habits or surroundings of the organisms.
They serve as the evidence of evolution and help in evolutionary studies.
For example, vermiform appendix, nictating membrane of eye, ear muscle etc are vestigial organs found in humans.
Answer:
. B. rough ER, transport vesicles, Golgi apparatus, transport vesicles, cell membrane
Explanation:
This route follows the normal pathways any synthesised protein follows during steps of protein synthesis of cells.
1. Because Insulin is a peptide hormone needed out side the cells, it is synthesized by ribosomes attached to the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum of the beta cells in the pancreas.The stimulus for secretions are elevated plasma concentration of blood sugar and amino acids. The protein arrives to the R.ER as preproinsulin after translation, and with the addition of disulphide bridges in the R.ER formed prosinsulin.
2.The proinsulin are transported through the transport vesicles which makes use of the cytoskeleton of the cytosol for movements to reach the Cisternae ( golgi apparatus).
3. The Golgi bodies packaged and modified the proinsulin to form active insulin. and transported these by Cisternae migration to trans-golgi reticulum.
From here they are transported to the trans-Golgi network; where they are moved into the secretory vesicles and transport vesicles.
The transport vesicles fused with the plasma membrane , and based on metabolic or vagus stimulation is secreted to the blood stream through Exocytosis.
Insulin is produced in beta cells of the pancreas and travels from the rough endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus before being released into the bloodstream. Option B is correct.
The route of insulin from its production to its exit from the cell involves several steps. Insulin is produced by beta cells in the pancreas. It is then transported from the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi apparatus via transport vesicles. Within the Golgi apparatus, insulin is further modified and packaged into vesicles that bud from the trans face of the Golgi. These vesicles then fuse with the cell membrane, allowing insulin to be released into the bloodstream.
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