B. respiratory system
C. circulatory system
D. excretory system
Answer:
D. Both a and b
Explanation:
The difference in ion concentration between the intracellular and extracellular fluids in a cell is due to both active ion transport and passive diffusion of ions.
The difference in ion concentration between the intracellular and extracellular fluids in a cell is primarily due to both active ion transport and passive diffusion of ions. Active ion transport refers to the movement of ions across the cell membrane using energy, such as through ion pumps or channels. Passive diffusion, on the other hand, occurs when ions move down their concentration gradient without the need for energy.
For example, the sodium-potassium pump actively transports three sodium ions out of the cell for every two potassium ions it brings in. This creates a higher concentration of potassium ions inside the cell compared to outside. Meanwhile, passive diffusion allows ions like chloride, calcium, and potassium to move across the cell membrane through ion channels, either facilitated by a concentration gradient or electrical potential.
In summary, the difference in ion concentration between the intracellular and extracellular fluids in a cell is due to both active ion transport and passive diffusion of ions.
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higher rates of reproduction
more susceptibility to antibiotics
greater genetic variation
Bacterial genetic recombination is characterized by DNA transfer from one organism called donor to another organism as the recipient and the result is the production of genetic recombinants, individuals. Those recombinant bacteria have a greater genetic variation because they carry, not only the genes they inherited from their parent cells but also the genes introduced to their genomes. There are three types of mechanisms that create genetic variations in bacteria (through recombination):
1. Transformation-that occurs when bacterium takes up a piece of DNA floating in its environment,
2. Transduction-occurs when DNA is accidentally moved from one bacterium to another by a virus (bacteriophage) and
3. Conjugation- when DNA is transferred from one bacteria to another through a tube between cells.
Those mechanisms of genetic recombination together with short generation time and random mutations allow bacteria to evolve very quickly and for example, create resistance to antibiotics.
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