Answer/Explanation:
I. Cross between a female Gg with a male gg (GG X gg):
1. Probability of getting gray offspring (Gg) = 2/4 (¼+ ¼) = ½
2. Probability of getting albino offspring (gg) = 2/4 (¼+ ¼) = ½
3. There are 2 possible genotypes among the offspring, which are Gg and gg.
4. There are 2 possible phenotypes among the offspring, which are gray and albino coat color.
5. Probability of getting heterozygous offspring (i.e. Gg) = 2/4 = ½
6. Probability of getting homozygous offspring (i.e. GG or gg) = Probability of getting GG + Probability of getting gg = ½ + 0 = ½
7. The color of the female that was crossed (i.e. Gg), is gray color. The allele for gray coat color (G) is dominant over the allele for albino coat color (g).
8. The color of the male (gg) that was crossed is albino. The recessive allele (g) for albino coat color, in its homozygous state would express itself in the absence of the dominant G allele for gray color.
II. Cross between homozygous gray female with a heterozygous male (GG X Gg):
1. Probability of getting gray offspring (GG or Gg) = 4/4 (i.e. ¼+ ¼ + ¼ + ¼ ) = 1
2. Probability of getting albino offspring (gg) = 0
3. There are only 2 possible genotypes among the offspring, which are GG and Gg.
4. There is only 1 possible phenotype among the offspring, which is gray coat color.
5. Probability of getting heterozygous offspring (i.e. Gg) = 2/4 (i.e. ¼+ ¼ ) = ½
6. Probability of getting homozygous offspring (i.e. GG or gg) = Probability of getting GG + Probability of getting gg = 0 + ½ = ½
7. The genotype of the female that was crossed is GG, given that the female is homozygous gray.
8. The male crossed is a heterozygous male (Gg), the male is gray.
III. Cross between a gray female, whose father was albino, with a heterozygous male (Gg X Gg):
We can make a good guess of the genotype of the female, given that gray color is dominant over albino, and the father was albino (gg). The father can only contribute sperm having only (g) allele, while the mother must contribute only a (G) allele to give a gray offspring. The gray female is definitely heterogyzous female i.e Gg
1. Probability of getting gray offspring (Gg or GG) = ¾ (½ + ¼)
2. Probability of getting albino offspring (gg) = ¼
3. There are 3 possible genotypes among the offspring, which are GG, Gg, and gg.
4. There are 2 possible phenotypes among the offspring, which are gray and albino coat color.
5. Probability of getting heterozygous offspring (i.e. Gg) = 2/4 = ½
6. Probability of getting homozygous offspring (i.e. GG or gg) = Probability of getting GG + Probability of getting gg = ¼ + ¼ = ½
7. The genotype of the female is Gg. We know this because we were given that it is gray in color, and gray is dominant over albino. Also, given that the father was albino (gg), a (g) allele can only be contributed by the father to combine with the dominant (G) allele to give us a female that has heterozygous gray coat color (Gg).
8. The genotype of the male is Gg. We know this because we were given that it was a heterozygous male. If an organism is heterozygous, it has different alleles controlling that trait.
IV. Cross between an albino female, whose father was gray, with a gray male, whose mother was albino (gg X Gg):
The albino female’s genotype is gg, because the g allele is recessive. The gray male’s genotype, whose mother was albino (gg) is definitely Gg, because gray is dominant, and to get a gray offspring, a G allele from the mother of the male must combine with the g allele that the albino father can only contribute i.e. Gg or GG from mother X gg from father = Gg (the gray male offspring).
1. Probability of getting gray offspring = ¼ + ¼ = ½
2. Probability of getting albino offspring (gg) = ¼ + ¼ = ½
3. There are 2 possible genotypes among the offspring, which are Gg, and gg.
4. There are 2 possible phenotypes among the offspring, which are gray and albino coat color.
5. Probability of getting heterozygous offspring (i.e. Gg) = ¼ + ¼ = ½
6. Probability of getting homozygous offspring (i.e. gg or GG) = ½ + 0 = ½
7. The genotype of the gray father of the albino female (gg) is Gg. Of the two possible genotypes of the gray father (i.e. GG or Gg), Gg is the most likely genotype to contribute the recessive g allele that would pair up with another g allele from the mother to give an albino female (gg), i.e. Gg (father) X Gg (Mother) or Gg (Father) X gg (Mother) = gg (albino female)
A monohybrid cross is a genetic cross that considers only one trait. Results from these crosses led to the concept of dominant and recessive traits and Mendel's Law of Segregation. Punnett squares visually present the likely outcomes of these crosses.
A monohybrid cross involves the mating of individuals who have two different alleles for a single trait. For example, Mendel ran several monohybrid crosses using pea plants. The trait being examined was the color of the pea—the parent plants had either green or yellow peas. After breeding a purebred yellow pea plant with a purebred green pea plant, all offspring were yellow, showing that yellow is the dominant trait and green the recessive.
Monohybrid crosses are useful tools in predicting the outcome of genetic crosses because they follow Mendel's Law of Segregation. According to this law, during the formation of reproductive cells, pairs of genetic traits separate, and offspring receive one factor from each parent.
A Punnett square is a tool that provides a visual representation of the possible combinations of genetic traits the offspring could inherit. For monohybrid crosses, a Punnett square will give a 3:1 ratio, representing the likelihood of the offspring expressing the dominant trait over the recessive trait, given that both parents are heterozygous.
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The answer is CO2 Out
Answer:
Explanation:
Based on the information provided, we can set up a 2x2 table to summarize the data as follows:
| Brain Tumor | No Brain Tumor | Total
--------------------------------------------------------
Exposed to Airflyte | 308 | 185 | 493
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Not Exposed | 77 | 430 | 507
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Total | 385 | 615 | 1000
In this table, the rows represent the exposure status (exposed to Airflyte or not exposed), and the columns represent the occurrence of brain tumors (brain tumor or no brain tumor). The totals are calculated for each category.
Please note that the numbers provided in the table are based on the given data and do not reflect any statistical analysis or conclusions about the relationship between exposure to Airflyte and the development of brain tumors. Further statistical analysis, such as calculating risk ratios or conducting hypothesis tests, would be necessary to determine the strength of the association between the exposure and outcome variables.
A 2x2 table is set up to represent the brain tumor occurrence and non-occurrence in workers who were and were not exposed to the occupational toxin Airflyte. There were 308 cases of tumors in the exposed group and 77 in the non-exposed group. The rest did not develop tumors.
In conducting this study, the researchers divided the 1,000 men into two groups: those exposed to the occupational toxin Airflyte and those not exposed. By using a 2x2 table, we can clearly illustrate the results obtained after the 10-year follow up. Here's how it looks:
With Brain Tumor Without Brain Tumor
Exposure to Airflyte
308 493 - 308 = 185
No Exposure to Airflyte
77 507 - 77 = 430
This table helps to visualise the observed differences in brain tumor development among the workers who were exposed to the toxin compared to those who weren't exposed.
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The option C, which is, Inactive people use more energy so they should consume fewer calories is not true about energy balance.
Energy balance refers to the relationship between the energy in and energy out. Energy balance is affected by the amount of exercise one gets and their dietary habits. Stored body fat will increase if calorie intake is greater than the energy used.
Stored body fat will increase if calorie intake is greater than the energy used. Energy balance is the balance between the number of calories consumed and the amount of energy used.
The difference between the number of calories consumed and burned each day is energy balance. An inactive person uses less energy as compared to an active person due to less work out and therefore would require fewer calories.
Further Explanation:
The difference between input and output energy or calories is the energy balance of the body. The energy balance can be categorized as;
a) Perfect balance: In the energy equation if the input and output difference in energy comes out to be zero, then one has a perfect energy balance. This means neither weight is lost nor gained. During the weight loss journey, the people in their weight maintenance stage show perfect energy balance.
b) Positive energy balance: If the difference in the energy input and output results in a positive number, a person gains weight. The people like growing children, weightlifters, and pregnant women show positive energy balance and bulk up.
c) Negative energy balance: If the difference ends up in a negative number, a person achieves an imbalance required for weight loss. This is called energy deficit and the person slims down due to the negative energy difference and loss of calories.
An active person uses more of its consumed energy to perform physical activities and hence would consume more calories to keep the body at its pace. Whereas, an inactive person do little or no physical activities and therefore requires less energy. As a result, he/she would consume fewer calories due to low energy requirements.
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Answer Details:
Grade: High School
Subject: Biology
Chapter: Energy balance
Keywords:
Energy balance, calories, energy input, energy output, perfect balance, positive energy balance, negative energy balance, weight gain, weight loss, energy deficit, physical activities.
Answer:
Proteins
Explanation:
Proteins are especially important because they are involved in a variety of processes, such as cell signaling, immune response, and enzyme activity.