Answer:
small
Explanation:
The overall error rate of DNA polymerase during replication is 10-8 errors per base pair. Repair enzymes fix 99% of these lesions for an overall error rate of 10-10 per bp. That means one change occurs in every 10 billion base pairs that are replicated.
DNA replication is a highly accurate process, occurring rapidly and with a small number of mistakes, due to the efficiency of the DNA polymerase enzyme and the cell's repair mechanisms. However, any uncorrected mistakes can cause significant consequences, like mutations or even diseases like cancer. This process has been closely studied in prokaryotes such as E. coli.
DNA replication, a critical biological process, typically occurs with a remarkably small number of mistakes, thanks to the accuracy of the DNA polymerase enzyme and other repair mechanisms. This process has been particularly well-studied in prokayotes, like E.
coli, which can replicate its 4.6 million base pairs in about 42 minutes, adding around 1000 nucleotides per second.
However, when mistakes do occur and are not corrected, they can lead to mutations which might have serious consequences, such as cancer, particularly if the repair enzymes themselves are mutated or defective.
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Answer:
Seepage; runoff
Explanation:
In nature, water is constantly circling: from the water surfaces it evaporates, travels up in the atmosphere, there it condensates, forms clouds, and then again falls to the land and water surfaces. This cycle has been going on for thousands and thousands of years and is known as the water cycle.
Now, the real question is how does the water, fallen from the clouds, on the land, travel back to the oceans.
Soil consists of multiple layers, some are water permeable, and some are not. When water (rain) reaches the soil, through tiny pores in upper permeable layers it will travel downward, deeper and deeper. This process is called the seepage. Upon reaching the water-impermeable layers, it stops, becoming part of what is known the underground water. It will continue to flow on this layer until it finds its way back on the surface, usually in a form of a spring, which will find its way to a river, and river will take that water to a sea or an ocean.
However, if the soil is to saturated with water, especially during long rainy, stormy period, or in the spring, after the snow melts. This excess water will, because of the gravity, flow over the earth's surface, from higher (mountains) to lower (valley) areas, making its way to some valley river, which will take it further to a sea or an ocean.
Upon reaching the ocean, this land-water can again join the water cycle, again and again.
Answer: The two prokaryotic kingdoms are Eubacteria and Archaea.
Explanation:
The kingdoms that contains organisms that are prokaryotes are Bacteria and Archaea. They are unicellular kingdoms and their members appear similar in shape and appearance. But, they are different from each other and that is why they are grouped into separate kingdoms. Bacteria are all known as prokaryotes, which are organisms that lack a cell nucleus and other membrane-bounds organelles, and tend to be less complex. Archaea does not have membrane-bound organelles either but they have a cell wall that does not contain peptidoglycan (which is found in Bacteria) and cell membrane uses ether linked lipids as opposed to ester linked lipids in bacteria.
A living thing can be described in terms of Cells,tissue, survival, growth, reproduction, inheritance , environment are the concept map.
Cells are made up of biomolecules such as carbohydrate, protein, lipid, nucleic acid and have plasma membrane and other organelle.
Tissues are cluster of cells that work together, such as Epithelial tissue, Muscular tissue.
An organ is a group of tissue that performs a specific function. For example, the stomach.
Organ systems are cluster of organs which perform a specific function such as the digestive system.
Organisms are Plants, animals, humans, bacterium.
A group of inter-breeding organisms of the same species is population.
A group of interacting organisms of different species is community.
An ecosystem is made up of both biotic or abiotic components.
Biome is atmospheric Earth where living organisms exist, environment and its change play an important role in organism adaptation.
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Answer:
Cells,
Reproduce,
Inherited traits,
Grow and develop,
Materials and energy,
Environment,
Stable internal environment,
Change
Explanation:
The average age at which an infant can sit unattended is approximately 5-7 months.
The baby will reach gross motor milestones in the following order:
(1) sitting up without assistance
(2) crawling on hands and knees
(3) standing with aid
(4) walking with assistance
(5) standing without support and
(6) walking without support.
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Answer:
5-7
Explanation:
Diagram A will illustrates the first stage of mitosis is: Prophase. Prophase is the first stage of mitosis, and it is a crucial step in cell division where several significant events occur.
Prophase in Mitosis:
Prophase is marked by several key events:
Chromatin Condensation: At the beginning of prophase, the genetic material within the cell's nucleus, known as chromatin (a complex of DNA and proteins), starts to condense. The long, thin strands of chromatin become more tightly coiled and compacted, forming visible structures called chromosomes. Each chromosome will consists of two sister chromatids connected by the centromere.
Nuclear Envelope Breakdown: In many eukaryotic cells, including animal cells, the nuclear envelope, which surrounds the nucleus, begins to break down during prophase. This will allows the spindle fibers to access the chromosomes.
Spindle Fiber Formation: Structures called spindle fibers (microtubules) start to assemble within the cell. These fibers extend from the centrosomes, which are specialized regions of the cell that organize the spindle apparatus. The spindle fibers will play a critical role in moving the chromosomes during later stages of mitosis.
Centrosome Movement: In animal cells, the centrosomes (containing the centrioles) move to opposite poles of the cell. The centrosomes serve as organizing centers for the spindle fibers and help guide the movement of chromosomes.
Animal Cell: Animal cells lack a cell wall, chloroplasts, and a large central vacuole. If Diagram A does not show these features and has centrosomes or centrioles, it is more likely an animal cell.
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