Igneous rocks form when a volcano erupts and the hot lava cools. Igneous rocks have many different textures. The texture is determined by how quickly the rocks cool. Those that form on or near the surface tend to cool rapidly, giving the rock a fine grain, such as basalt, the most common rock on the ocean floor. Those igneous rocks that form deep below the surface tend to cool more slowly and, as a result, tend to be tough with a coarse grain, such as granite.
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Explanation:
Tropical Evergreen Forests:
Equatorial regions.
Dense, lush, with tall trees.
High biodiversity.
Consistent warmth and rainfall.
Examples: Amazon, Congo Basin.
Mangrove Forests:
Coastal areas, tropical and subtropical.
Trees with submerged roots.
Unique ecosystem for marine life.
Tidal and saline-tolerant.
Examples: Sundarbans, Florida mangroves.
Volcanoes played a significant role in shaping the early Earth's atmosphere by releasing various gases through volcanic eruptions. Some of the key gases emitted by volcanoes that contributed to the formation of the early atmosphere include:
Water Vapor (H2O): Volcanic eruptions released large amounts of water vapor into the atmosphere. Water vapor is a greenhouse gas that can trap heat, contributing to the planet's warming.
Carbon Dioxide (CO2): Volcanoes emitted substantial quantities of carbon dioxide, which is another greenhouse gas. CO2 in the atmosphere helped trap heat and played a vital role in regulating the early Earth's temperature.
Nitrogen (N2): Nitrogen gas was released by volcanoes in smaller amounts compared to water vapor and carbon dioxide. Nitrogen is a non-reactive gas that makes up a significant portion of Earth's modern atmosphere.
Methane (CH4): While not as abundant as other gases, methane was also released by volcanoes. Methane is another greenhouse gas that can influence the climate by trapping heat.
Sulfur Dioxide (SO2): Volcanic eruptions produced sulfur dioxide, which can react with water vapor in the atmosphere to form sulfuric acid (H2SO4). This contributed to the acidity of early rainfall.
Hydrogen (H2): Hydrogen gas was emitted by volcanic activity, and it may have played a role in the chemical evolution of Earth's early atmosphere.
Ammonia (NH3): Ammonia was likely present in trace amounts in the volcanic emissions, although it played a relatively minor role compared to other gases.
It's important to note that the composition of the early Earth's atmosphere evolved over time due to various geological and biological processes. The gradual accumulation of oxygen (O2) in the atmosphere, for example, was the result of photosynthesis by early photosynthetic organisms. This oxygenation of the atmosphere occurred over billions of years and had a profound impact on the development of life on Earth.
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-Strombolian, Hawaiian
-Andesitic, strombolian
A red dwarf is a protostar.