Answer:
Option (C)
Explanation:
The hydrothermal vents are the narrow cracks or passage at the ocean floor through which the hot water comes out.The water when percolates beneath the ocean floor through the cracks, then it gets heated up reacting with the hot molten magma and again comes out through those narrow openings. These narrow openings through which the liquid or a gas is allowed to pass is known as the hydrothermal vents.
They are commonly found near the volcanoes and the mid oceanic ridge. It plays an important role in controlling the ocean water chemistry.
Hence, the correct answer is option (C).
Answer:
Display of different mating behavior and their reproductive isolation.
Explanation:
Display of different mating behavior and their reproductive isolation would suggest that the birds belong to different species rather than the same species. Individuals from same species can interbreed to produce fertile progeny. Display of different mating behavior and absence of any interbreeding among the birds of two population suggest that they belong to two different species.
number of spines
Explanation:
b. the offspring are made up of portions of each of the parent's dna
c. the offspring are genetically related but also genetically distinct
d. the offspring have identical dna
In asexual reproduction, d. the offspring have identical DNA.
Asexual reproduction involves the process of mitosis for cell division. In the process of mitosis, the DNA duplicates and separates into two different cells. The duplicated DNA is genetically identical to the DNA of the mother or parent cell. This type of reproduction is faster than the reproductive method.
Asexual reproduction involves one parent and results in offspring that are essentially clones of the parent, meaning they have identical DNA. It involves methods like binary fission, budding, and vegetative reproduction.
In asexual reproduction, the most fitting answer from your listed options would be: that the offspring have identical DNA. This type of reproduction involves one parent and the offspring produced are, for all intents and purposes, clones of the parent because they have identical genetic information. Asexual reproduction methods can include processes such as binary fission, budding, and vegetative reproduction.
#SPJ6
Answer:
Explanation:
A higher concentration of neurotransmitter above a certain threshold does not change the height of the action potential because the action potential is an all-or-nothing event. It's a rapid and brief electrical signal that travels down a neuron's axon, leading to the release of neurotransmitters at the synapse.
To understand why a higher neurotransmitter concentration doesn't affect the height of the action potential, let's delve into the molecular events that occur during an action potential:
Resting State: Neurons have a resting membrane potential, which is a difference in electrical charge between the inside and outside of the cell. This potential is maintained by ion channels in the cell membrane, primarily sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) channels. At rest, there are more positively charged ions outside the cell than inside.
Depolarization: When a neuron receives a strong enough excitatory stimulus, it causes a brief change in the ion permeability of the cell membrane. Voltage-gated sodium channels open in response to this stimulus, allowing sodium ions to rush into the cell. This influx of positive ions depolarizes the membrane, meaning the inside of the cell becomes more positively charged compared to the outside.
Threshold: If the depolarization reaches a certain threshold, typically around -55 to -50 mV, it triggers an action potential. At this point, voltage-gated sodium channels open more widely, leading to a rapid influx of sodium ions. This is the "all-or-nothing" phenomenon – once the threshold is reached, the action potential is initiated, regardless of the strength of the initial stimulus.
Rapid Depolarization: The influx of sodium ions causes the membrane potential to become highly positive. This phase is known as rapid depolarization or the rising phase of the action potential.
Repolarization: After reaching its peak positive potential, voltage-gated potassium channels open. Potassium ions flow out of the cell, repolarizing the membrane and restoring the negative charge inside the cell.
Hyperpolarization: In some cases, the outflow of potassium ions overshoots the resting membrane potential, causing a brief hyperpolarization. This hyperpolarization is then corrected as potassium channels close and the sodium-potassium pump restores the resting ion concentrations.
Now, in terms of neurotransmitter concentration affecting the action potential height: once the action potential is triggered (step 3), the neuron goes through a cascade of events that are largely determined by the opening and closing of ion channels. The neurotransmitter concentration in the synapse influences whether the postsynaptic neuron will generate an action potential at all by contributing to the overall membrane depolarization, but it doesn't directly affect the height of the action potential once it's initiated. The action potential is a self-regenerating process, meaning that once it starts, it will proceed along the axon without losing strength, as long as the ion concentrations are maintained.
A higher concentration of neurotransmitter above the threshold does not change the height of the action potential. During an action potential, the movement of ions across the neuron's cell membrane is responsible for the changes in charge and the generation of the action potential.
During an action potential, the movement of ions across the neuron's cell membrane is crucial. At rest, the neuron maintains a negative charge inside compared to the outside, known as the resting potential. This is maintained by the selective permeability of the cell membrane and the presence of ion channels.
When a stimulus is received, the neuron undergoes depolarization. This occurs when the cell membrane becomes more permeable to sodium ions. Sodium channels open, allowing sodium ions to rush into the neuron. This influx of positive charge causes a rapid change in the neuron's charge, resulting in the generation of an action potential.
Once the action potential is generated, it propagates along the neuron. This is achieved through the opening and closing of ion channels along the neuron's membrane. As the action potential moves, sodium channels close and potassium channels open, allowing potassium ions to move out of the neuron. This repolarizes the cell membrane, restoring the negative charge inside the neuron.
The concentration of neurotransmitter above the threshold does not change the height of the action potential because the action potential is an all-or-nothing event. Once the threshold is reached, the action potential is generated with a consistent height. The concentration of neurotransmitter affects the likelihood of reaching the threshold, but once it is reached, the height of the action potential remains the same.
Learn more about neurotransmitters and action potentials here:
#SPJ14
In the species name Loxodonta africana, "africana" is the specific epithet. Therefore, option (C) is correct.
The genusname and the specific epithet are the two components that make up the binomial nomenclature that is utilized for naming species. Combined, these make up the name of the species. In this particular instance, the name of the genus is Loxodonta, and the specific epithet is africana.
It is possible to differentiate between distinct species that belong to the same genus by making use of the particular epithet. On the other hand, the name of the genus is something that all of the species that belong to that genus share.
Learn more about specific epithet, here:
#SPJ2