Answer:
Plants and animals assimilate carbon-14 from carbon dioxide throughout their life. When they die, they stop exchanging carbon with the biosphere and their carbon-14 content begins to decrease at a rate determined by the law of radioactive decay.
Radiocarbon dating is basically a method designed to measure residual radioactivity.
Explanation:
Carbon-14 is a weakly radioactive carbon isotope; It is also known as radiocarbon, and is an isotopic stopwatch.
Radiocarbon dating is only applicable to organic materials and some inorganic materials (not applicable to metals).
Proportional gas counting, liquid scintillation counting, and accelerator mass spectrometry are the three main methods of radiocarbon dating.
The radiocarbon, or carbon-14, is an isotope of the carbon element that is unstable and weakly radioactive. The stable isotopes are carbon-12 and carbon-13.
Carbon 14 is continuously formed in the upper atmosphere by the effect of cosmic ray neutrons on nitrogen-14 atoms, rapidly oxidizing in the air to form carbon dioxide and entering the global carbon cycle.
Accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) is a modern method of radiocarbon dating that is considered the most efficient way to measure the radiocarbon content of a sample. In this method, the content of carbon-14 is measured directly in relation to carbon-12 and carbon-13 present. The method does not take into account beta particles, but the number of carbon atoms present in the sample and the proportion of the isotopes.
sulfites
propionic acid
benzoic acid
Answer:
Sulfites are thechemical food preservatives which used in the wine industry but may cause asthmatic reactions in some individuals .
Explanation:
A chemical food preservative is a chemical species which are added to a product such as the beverages , food , drugs , paints , wood etc , to prevent the process of degradation by microbes .
Sulfite is also an example of chemical food preservatives , sulfites helps the food from turning brown , in the presence of air .
Apart from helping the food from degrading , it too have same life - threatening symptoms for some people suffering from asthma .
Symptoms are - breathing difficulty , stomach cramps , tightness in the chest area , diarrhea .
Sulfites are used as a food preservatives in , wine , dried fruits , frozen potato , certain jams .
Answer:
its shadow usually misses Earth
b. p=0.725.q = 0.275; P=0.06. H=0.56, Q=0.51
c. p=0.4.q = 0.6: P=0.12. H=0.56, Q=0.32
d. p=0.725.q = 0.275: P=0.34. H=0.57. Q=0.09
Answer:
a. p=0.725, q = 0.275: P=0.51, H=0.43, Q=0.06
Explanation:
Let state our given parameters from the question:
Frequencies of coat color genes at the C locus for population 1 are .85 for C
This implies that the Allelic frequency C for population p1 =0.85
Frequencies of coat color genes at the c locus for population 1 are .15 for c
This implies that the Allelic frequency c for population q1 = 0.15
Frequencies for Care .6 i.e p2= 0.6
Frequencies for care .4 i.e, let that be q2= 0.4
The table below shows a diagrammatic representation of the above expression:
Alllelic Frequency C c
Population 1 (p1) 0.85 (q1) 0.15
Population 2 (p2) 0.6 (q2) 0.4
Now, from above: let think of the table as a punnet square and then cross it together;
(p1) = 0.85 (q1) = 0.15
p2 = 0.6 p1p2 p2q1
= 0.6 × 0.85 = 0.15 × 0.6
= 0.51 (P) = 0.09 (H)
q2 = 0.4 p1q2 q1p2
= 0.85 × 0.4 = 0.4 × 0.15
=0.34 (H) = 0.06 (Q)
From the above table, the heterozygous are represented by (H)
∴ Frequency of heterozygous can be calculated as:
= 0.09 + 0.34
= 0.43
Thus, we can conclude that the progenyF1 genotypic frequencies are:
P= 0.51
H= 0.43
Q= 0.06
Now, let us calculate the allelic frequencies, p and q in F1
p = P + 1/2 × (H)
= 0.51 + (1/2 × 0.43)
= 0.51 + 0.215
= 0.725
q =Q + 1/2× (H)
= 0.06 + (1/2 × 0.43)
= 0.06 × 0.215
= 0.275
Hence, p=0.725, q = 0.275: P=0.51, H=0.43, Q=0.06 , This makes option a the correct answer.
The question is incomplete, below is the complete question.
Polydactyly is a rare autosomal dominant trait that is 80% penetrant. What is the chance that a child born to an affected father and a normal mother will have the disorder?
Assume the paternal grandfather is normal.
I will use P to encode polydactyl as it is dominant and use p allele to encode normal phenotype
P= Polydactyl
p= Normal
From what is given in the question,the paternal grandfather is normal and that means that the father of the child receives one wild type allele from the paternal grandfather, however,the father is affected with the disease,hence the genotype is A a but the mother being normal will have the genotype of aa.
That is Parents;
Father Aa × Mother aa
Gametes a a A Aa ( P ) Aa ( P )
a aa ( p ) aa ( p )
So if it is 100% penetrant, that implies that the chances of the affected child is;
(2/4 ) ×100=50%
However, only 80% penetrant is given here,so that is why the chances of the affected is then ; (50/100) ×(80/100) ×100= 40%
That means the affected child chances are 40%.
Polydactyly is a rare autosomal dominant trait with 80% penetrance.
Polydactyly is a rare autosomal dominant trait that is 80% penetrant. This means that if a person carries the genetic mutation for polydactyly, there is an 80% chance that they will express the trait. Therefore, if the father is affected by polydactyly (carries the gene) and the mother is normal (does not carry the gene), each child they have has a 50% chance of inheriting the gene from the father and a 50% chance of inheriting the normal gene from the mother.
However, if a child inherits the gene for polydactyly from the father, there is an 80% chance that they will express the trait, meaning they will have the disorder. On the other hand, if the child inherits the normal gene from the mother, they will not have the disorder.
Learn more about Polydactyly here:
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Answer:
Screen door
Explanation:
Because it holds things out but let air in.
A plastic bag is an everyday object that behaves like an animal cell. The bag itself represents the plasma membrane of a cell, while the items inside the bag represent the different organelles, each with its distinct function.
An everyday object that acts like an animal cell could be a plastic bag. Let me explain why. The plastic bag acts like the plasma membrane, which is the outer lining of an animal cell. It holds everything inside, much like the way a plastic bag holds whatever you put into it. Then, you have your belongings inside the bag resembling the organelles, the functional components of an animal cell. Each item in the bag has a different purpose, similar to how each organelle in a cell has a unique function.
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The structural arrangement of hydrogen bonds in DNA, where adenine pairs with thymine, and cytosine pairs with guanine, ensures complementary base pairing vital for DNA replication and protein synthesis, maintains the DNA's double helix structure, and allows successful DNA replication during cell division.
The structural arrangement of hydrogen bonds in a double-stranded DNA molecule is significant for various reasons. In this structure, adenine (A) forms hydrogen bonds with thymine (T), and cytosine (C) forms hydrogen bonds with guanine (G). This specific pairing, known as complementary base pairing, is crucial in DNA replication and protein synthesis.
These pairs are also essential in maintaining the double helix structure of DNA. Adenine and thymine are connected by two hydrogen bonds, while cytosine and guanine form three hydrogen bonds. This uniformity in base pair length allows the DNA molecule to maintain a consistent diameter throughout.
The strands of the double helix run in opposite directions, described as antiparallel, which facilitates the successful replication of DNA during cell division. In summary, the hydrogen bonding between specific pairs of bases is a fundamental aspect of the structure and function of DNA.
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