(2) CO2 and CH4 (4) H2O and CH4
Answer is: 3) H2O and HCl.
Polar molecules are water (H₂O) and hydrochloric acid (HCl).
Nonpolar molecules are carbon(IV) oxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄).
Carbon(IV) oxide is nonpolar because CO₂ is linear molecule and the oxygen atoms are symmetrical (bond angles 180°).
Water is polar because of the bent shape of the molecule.
Hydrochloric acid has polar covalent chemical bond where hydrogen has oxidation umber +1 and chlorine oxidation number -1.
In molecule of methane (CH₄) all the atoms around the central element (carbon) are equivalent (four hydrogens) and it has a net dipole moment of 0 (vectors of dipole moments cancel each other, dipole moment is zero).
The balanced equation for the reaction between nitrogen and hydrogen to form ammonia is N₂(g) + 3H₂(g) --> 2NH3(g). This uses the concept of balanced chemical equations, which ensure the same number of atoms of each element on both sides.
The reactants in the question are hydrogen and nitrogen, and they react to form the product, ammonia. This reaction can be described using a balanced chemical equation, which ensures that the number of atoms of each element are the same on both the reactant and product sides of the equation.
The balanced equation for this reaction is N₂(g) + 3H₂(g) --> 2NH3(g). Here, N₂ represents nitrogen, H₂ represents hydrogen, and NH₃ represents ammonia. The 'g' in brackets indicates that these compounds are in their gaseous states. The numbers in front of the chemical formulas are called stoichiometric coefficients and they indicate the ratio in which the reactants react and the products form. In this case, one nitrogen molecule reacts with three hydrogen molecules to yield two ammonia molecules.
Chemical reactions, including this one, proceed from left to right as shown by the arrow. They show how reactants become products, similar to mathematical equations.
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The cation is smaller.
Electronic configuration of Lithium atom is as follow,
Li = 1s², 2s¹
while, Electronic configuration of Lithium cation is as follow,
Li⁺ = 1s²
The Lithium Cation is smaller because,
i) Less Energy Levels:
As depicted in electronic configurations, the valence shell of Li atom is 2 while, that of Li cation is 1 as a result the distance of valence electrons and nucleus has decreased resulting in small size.
ii) Less Shielding Effect:
The effect in which the core electrons shield the valence electron from nucleus pull is known as shielding effect. In Li cation there are no core electrons hence, the electrons are more attracted towards proton resulting in small size.
iii) More Nuclear Charge:
In Li atom there are three protons and three electrons so, three protons attract three electrons and the game run some what balance. But, as tone electron is lost in Li Cation, the proton side gets stronger and apply more pull on electrons and made them more closer to the nucleus resulting in size decrease.
The correct statement is: The cation is smaller.
In a neutral lithium atom, there are three electrons surrounding the nucleus, distributed in different energy levels or electron shells. These electrons repel each other due to their negative charges, creating an electron-electron repulsion that tends to spread them out and increase the size of the atom.
When a lithium atom loses one electron to form a cation, it becomes positively charged. This loss of an electron reduces the electron-electron repulsion within the atom. With fewer electrons, the remaining electrons experience a stronger attraction towards the nucleus, since the positive charge of the nucleus is no longer balanced by the negative charge of the lost electron.
As a result, the remaining electrons are drawn closer to the nucleus in the lithium cation. The reduction in electron-electron repulsion and the increased attraction between the electrons and the nucleus cause the cation to have a smaller size compared to the neutral atom.
Hence, the lithium cation (Li⁺) is smaller than the lithium atom (Li)
Learn more about lithium here:
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b. False
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