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Interphase is when the cell grows and duplicates chromosomes. This is important for the cell to divide, because otherwise, the cell would shrink everytime it divided and would not have a sufficient amount of DNA
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The first law of thermodynamics states that energy is always conserved. The second law states that within a closed system (where only energy can enter or leave the system, while matter cannot), the amount of randomness or disorder, known as entropy, must increase to some maximum value and remain constant
Biodiversity provide clean air, fresh water, medicines and food security which is also limit to disease and stabilize the climate.
Biodiversity or biological diversity is defined as the variety and variability of life on Earth as a measure of variation at the genetic, species and ecosystem levels. It is described as the great diversity of life on Earth which can be used to refer to all the species in a particular area or ecosystem. Biodiversity is means to every living thing, including plants, bacteria, animals and humans.
The three levels of biodiversity are as follows:
Thus, the Biodiversity provide clean air, fresh water, medicines and food security which is also limit to disease and stabilize the climate.
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1. Ecological stability
Each species performs a particular function within an ecosystem. They can capture and store energy, produce organic material, decompose organic material, help to cycle water and nutrients throughout the ecosystem, control erosion or pests, fix atmospheric gases, or help regulate climate.
Ecosystems provide support of production and services without which humans could not survive. These include soil fertility, pollinators of plants, predators, decomposition of wastes, purification of the air and water, stabilisation and moderation of the climate, decrease of flooding, drought and other environmental disasters.
Research show that the more diverse an ecosystem the better it can withstand environmental stress and the more productive it is. The loss of a species thus decreases the ability of the system to maintain itself or to recover in case of damage. There are very complex mechanisms underlying these ecological effects.
2. Economic benefits to humans
For all humans, biodiversity is first a resource for daily life. Such 'crop diversity' is also called agrobiodiversity.
Most people see biodiversity as a reservoir of resources to be drawn upon for the manufacture of food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic products. Thus resource shortages may be related to the erosion of the biodiversity.
Some of the important economic commodities that biodiversity supplies to humankind are:
- FOOD : crops, livestock, forestry, and fish
- MEDICATION: Wild plant species have been used for medicinal purposes since before the beginning of recorded history. For example, quinine (Used to treat malaria) comes from the bark of the Amazonian tree Cinchona tree; digitalis from the Foxglove plant (chronic heart trouble), and morphine from the Poppy plant (pain relief).
According the National Cancer Institute of the USA, over 70 % of the promising anti-cancer drugs come from plants in the tropical rainforests. Animal may also play a role, in particular in research. It is estimated that of the 250,000 known plant species, only 5,000 have been researched for possible medical applications.
- INDUSTRY: fibres for clothing, wood for shelter and warmth. Biodiversity may be a source of energy (such as biomass). Other industrial products are oils, lubricants, perfumes, fragrances, dyes, paper, waxes, rubber, latexes, resins, poisons and cork can all be derived from various plant species. Supplies from animal origin are wool, silk, fur, leather, lubricants, waxes. Animals may also be used as a mode of transportation.
- TOURISM & RECREATION: biodiversity is a source of economical wealth for many areas, such as many parks and forests, where wild nature and animals are a source of beauty and joy for many people. Ecotourism in particular, is a growing outdoor recreational activity.
3. Ethical reasons
The role of biodiversity is to be a mirror of our relationships with the other living species, an ethical view with rights, duties, and education. If humans consider species have a right to exist, they cannot cause voluntarily their extinction. Besides, biodiversity is also part of many cultures’ spiritual heritage.
The pericardium or pericardial sac is a membrane that surrounds the heart, consisting of the fibrous pericardium and the serous pericardium. The serous pericardium further has a parietal layer and a visceral layer or epicardium, which secretes a lubricating fluid.
The pericardium, also known as the pericardial sac, is a membrane that directly surrounds the heart and defines the pericardial cavity. It consists of two distinct sublayers: the sturdy outer fibrous pericardium and the inner serous pericardium. The fibrous pericardium, made of tough, dense connective tissue, protects the heart and maintains its position in the thorax. The serous pericardium has two layers, namely the parietal pericardium, which is fused to the fibrous pericardium, and an inner visceral pericardium, or epicardium, which is fused to the heart.
The macroscopic epicardium layer consists of a simple squamous epithelium called a mesothelium, reinforced with loose, irregular, or areolar connective tissue that attaches to the pericardium. This mesothelium secretes the lubricating serous fluid that fills the pericardial cavity and reduces friction as the heart contracts.
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