) You treat some cells with a proteolytic enzyme that is too large to penetrate the cell membrane (Set 1). Another group of cells is made permeable before treatment with the enzyme (Set 2). A third set of cells was not treated with the enzyme at all (controls). Proteins are then extracted from the three different sets of cells and applied to an SDS-PAGE gel. Protein W migrates to the same distance on a gel of proteins from Set 1 and Set 2; Protein W migrates a shorter distance on gels of proteins extracted from the control group than on gels of proteins extracted from Set 1 and Set 2 treated cells. Protein X migrates to the same distance on a gel of proteins from control cells and the gels of the proteins from Set 1 and Set 2. Protein Y migrates a longer distance when extracted from Set 1 cells than does protein Y in the controls; Protein Y moves an even larger distance in the gel of the extracts from Set 2. Protein Z migrates the same distance on gels of proteins from the controls and the proteins extracted from Set 1, but it migrates a longer distance in extracts from Set 2 cells. Which protein is exposed only on the exterior of the cell?
Answers
Answer:
Proten W
Explanation:
SDS-PAGE gel is a method used for the separation of proteins in which proteins are separated based on their length (smaller proteins move faster through the gel, due to less resistance).
When treated with proteolytic enzymes, proteins are cut and become short fragment. This means that the fragments formed after the use of proteolytic enzymes, will move faster and thus, migrate a longer distance. Proteolytic enzymes in Set 2 cells will act only on plasma membrane proteins (because they cannot penetrate), while in Set 2 they will act on both, plasma membrane and interior proteins. Control group will have only the large fragments (not treated with enzyme).
Protein W travels the same distance on a gel of proteins from Set 1 and Set 2, but different than control group. It means that the proteolytic enzyme worked the same on Set 1 and Set 2.
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Photosynthesis can be divided into two steps: the light-dependent reactions and the Calvi cycle. Which of the following correctly describes the overall process of the Calvin cycle? A) The Calvin cycle occurs in the thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts B) During the Calvin cycle, carbon is oxidized.C) ATP and NADPH produced by the light reactions are used by the Calvin cycle to make carbohydrates D) The Calvin cycle breaks down carbohydrates into simpler molecules
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Suppose that you began a one-year study of tuberculosis (TB) in St. Petersburg on January 1st, 2018. You enrolled 200 residents in your study and checked on their TB status on a monthly basis. At the start of your study on January 1st, you screened all 200 residents. Upon screening, you found that 10 of the healthy residents were immigrants who were vaccinated for TB and so were not at risk. Another 10 residents already had existing cases of TB on January 1st. On February 1st, two residents developed TB. On April 1st, three more residents developed TB. On July 1st, three of the residents who had existing TB on January 1st died from their disease. The study ended on December 31, 2018. Assume that once a person gets TB, they have it for the duration of the study, and assume that all remaining residents stayed healthy and were not lost to follow-up.What was the prevalence of TB in the screened community on January 1st?
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Answer:
The reason for the offspring to present these genotypes is that during the formation of the gametes, the alleles separate and are inherited independently, therefore they can generate several different phenotypic combinations.
Explanation:
In order for an offspring to present very different phenotypes, as shown in the question above, it is necessary that the two red griffins with blue eyes that were crossed are heterozygous. Thus it will be possible for the offspring to present a wide variety of phenotype, according to Mendel's second law.
Mendel's second law is called the Law of segregation. This law explains that the alleles (which determine the characteristics of individuals) are separated in the formation of gametes and inherited by the offspring of a cross independently, and can generate different combinations of phenotypes, when the parents of a cross are heterozygous.
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Answer:
- flippases translocate lipids from outer (extracellular) leaflet to inner (cytosolic) leaflet,
- floppases, move phospholipids from inner (cytoplasmic) leaflet to outer (extracellular) leaflet, ABC transporter, move phospolipids across the lipid bilayer down the concentration gradient
- scramblases Not ATP-dependent, Activation may result in increased membrane lipid symmetry, translocate phosphatidylserine, preventing apoptosis and engulfment by macrophages,
Explanation:
Flipases are transportes that require energy for their functioning (ATP dependent) beause they move phospolipids across the lipid bilayer against the concentration gradient (from extracellular side to cytosolic side).
Floppases are ABC transporters, opposite than flippases (move phospholipids from the cytosolic side).
Scrablases are bidirectional transporters, responsible for asymmetry formation. It also enables exposure of phosphatidylserineon the outer leaflet when it is necessary.
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Answer:
Iron and oxygen combining to make rust
Explanation:
A chemical reaction happens when one or more chemicals are changed into one or more other chemicals. Examples: iron and oxygen combining to make rust. vinegar and baking soda combining to make sodium acetate, carbon dioxide and water.
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Answer:
Explanation:
A. thin brown stalks
B. the sperm
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Answer:
The sporophyte stalk, called the seta, bears the sporangium (spore capsule) on its tip. One sporangium may produce up to a million spores.
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Answer: seen below
Explanation:
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesis is the biological process by which DNA molecule is created. In the cell, each of the two strands of the DNA molecule acts as a template for the synthesis of a complementary strand. This strands are separated during replication (DNA replication is the biological process of producing two identical replicas of DNA from one original DNA molecule). DNA polymerase synthesizes the new strands by adding nucleotides that complement each (template) strand.
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesis is continuous because extension of a single ribonucleic acid (RNA) primer occurs without interruption into the replication fork as it continues to open to the right as seen on the diagram below. On the upper lagging strand which is the discontinuous synthesis, here synthesis is discontinuous, since new RNA primers must be added as opening of the replication fork continues to expose new template.