The answer that best describes how CRISPR/Cas9 is used to delete or ablate gene function in cells or an organism is:
CRISPR/Cas9 is a revolutionary gene editing tool that utilizes a small RNA molecule (guide RNA) and a protein (Cas9) to target and modify specific genes.
To delete or ablate gene function, the following steps are typically followed:
1. Designing the guide RNA: Scientists design a guide RNA that is complementary to the target gene sequence. This guide RNA helps Cas9 to locate and bind to the specific gene of interest.
2. Delivery of CRISPR/Cas9 components: The guide RNA and Cas9 protein are introduced into the cells or organism that needs gene modification. This can be done using different delivery methods, such as viral vectors or direct injection.
3. Cas9 binding and DNA cleavage: Once inside the cells, the guide RNA directs Cas9 to bind to the target gene. Cas9 then acts as molecular scissors, cutting the DNA at a specific location within the gene.
4. Repairing the DNA: The cell's natural DNA repair machinery kicks in to fix the broken DNA. In some cases, this repair process can introduce errors, leading to gene disruptions or inactivation.
5. Gene function deletion or ablation: The repaired DNA may contain insertions or deletions that disrupt the gene's function. These disruptions can prevent the gene from producing a functional protein, effectively deleting or ablating its function.
It's important to note that the specific details and techniques may vary depending on the experiment or application. CRISPR/Cas9 offers a powerful and versatile tool for targeted gene editing, opening up new possibilities for studying gene function and potentially treating genetic diseases.
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CRISPR/Cas9 is a revolutionary gene-editing tool that has revolutionized the field of genetic engineering. It allows scientists to precisely delete or ablate gene function in cells or organisms by targeting specific DNA sequences and introducing modifications.
The CRISPR/Cas9 system consists of two main components: the Cas9 protein and a guide RNA (gRNA). The Cas9 protein acts as a molecular scissors, while the gRNA serves as a guide to direct Cas9 to the desired target site in the genome.
The process begins with the design and synthesis of a specific gRNA that is complementary to the target DNA sequence. The gRNA is engineered to recognize and bind to a specific region adjacent to the target gene. Once bound, the Cas9 protein creates a double-stranded break (DSB) at the target site.
Upon creating the DSB, the cell's natural DNA repair mechanisms come into play. There are two primary repair pathways: non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) and homology-directed repair (HDR). NHEJ is an error-prone repair mechanism that often introduces small insertions or deletions (indels) at the site of the break, leading to frameshift mutations and gene disruption. On the other hand, HDR relies on a template DNA molecule to repair the DSB accurately.
To delete or ablate gene function, researchers typically exploit the error-prone NHEJ pathway. By introducing CRISPR/Cas9 components into cells or embryos, they can induce targeted DSBs near the gene of interest. The subsequent repair by NHEJ often results in small indels that disrupt the reading frame of the gene, leading to premature stop codons or non-functional proteins. This effectively knocks out or ablates gene function.
It is worth noting that while NHEJ-mediated indels are commonly used for gene knockout studies, they can also introduce unintended mutations or off-target effects. Therefore, it is crucial to carefully design and validate gRNAs to minimize off-target activity.
In addition to gene knockout, CRISPR/Cas9 can also be used for gene ablation through other mechanisms. For example, researchers can design gRNAs to target specific regulatory regions of a gene, such as promoters or enhancers, to disrupt its expression without altering the coding sequence. This approach allows for more precise control over gene function.
Overall, CRISPR/Cas9 has revolutionized the field of genetic engineering by providing a powerful and versatile tool for deleting or ablating gene function in cells or organisms. Its simplicity, efficiency, and precision have made it an invaluable tool for studying gene function, disease modeling, and potential therapeutic applications
The answer is true . Many soils can be distinguished from other samples by their color or texture
b. increased plant growth leading to an increase in fish populations
c. decreased plant growth leading to a decrease in fish populations
d. decreased plant growth leading to an increase in fish populations
Answer:
it would be A
Explanation:
Fertilizer runoff degrades aquatic system by promoting growth of algae, phytoplanktons and other aquatic plants. A phenomenon called 'algal bloom' will take place, increasing oxygen consuming bacteria and lessening the available oxygen for plants and animals in the area.
i hope i hellped