When forming bonds in metal, metal releases its valence electron to produce positive ions.
Free radicals are electrons that exist in metallic bonds. It is simpler to alter the metal's shape because the electrons may easily flow between the atoms.
Whenever they establish bonds, metal atoms quickly surrender their valence electrons to produce positive ions.
Therefore free electrons found in metal alter the shape, due to the flow between the atoms.
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a. All the proteins the cell creates from the miscopied strand will do different jobs than the old ones.
b. The miscopied DNA will be replaced with an accurate DNA copy once the cell divides.
c. Both new DNA strands will end up together in a new cell, and the inaccurate one will be discarded.
d. The cell that receives the miscopied DNA will die, and the cell with the accurate copy will live.
When a base is skipped during DNA replication, it can lead to a mutation and altered protein function.
When a base in one of the DNA strands is skipped during replication, it can lead to a mutation in the DNA sequence. This means that the resulting protein created from the miscopied DNA strand may have a different structure and function compared to the original protein. Therefore, option a. All the proteins the cell creates from the miscopied strand will do different jobs than the old ones, is the most likely result of this error.
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b. organ.
c. tissue.
d. organism.
The organelle that carry out photosynthesis is the chloroplast.
Explanation:
Chloroplasts are organelles, functional subdivisions, in plant and algal cells. The central role of chloroplasts is to carry photosynthesis.Chloroplasts are organelles observed in plant cells and eukaryotic algae that accompany photosynthesis. Chloroplasts receive sunlight and use it in combination with water and carbon dioxide gas to generate food for the plant. . In this regard, they are similar to mitochondria but are observed only in plants and protista.
Chloroplast is used for carrying out photosynthesis. Photosynthesis is a process by which plants gets it's food.
Plants and algae have chloroplasts, which're essential, for capturing energy and transforming carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and glucose.
Chloroplasts have a structure with two membranes. They also house a specialized membrane system called the thylakoid membrane.
The thylakoid membrane serves as the site for the reactions, in photosynthesis. During these reactions water molecules are split using energy to obtain hydrogen and oxygen. The hydrogen is then utilized to create ATP, which acts as the cells energy currency.
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The organelles that are involved in energy conversions are mitochondria and chloroplasts.
Keywords: Mitochondria, chloroplasts, cellular respiration, photosynthesis
Active transport is the means of particle transport that requires an input of energy from the cell.
Keywords: Active transport, energy, ATP
Level: High school
Subject: Biology
Topics: Cellular organelles, Physiological process
Sub-topics: Active transport
It is believed that mitochondria and chloroplasts are known to be energy converting organelles. Some components of the cells carry the ability to work as small machines and are responsible for withdrawing energy from the chemical bonds found in the ultimate source of nourishment in all living cells called glucose.
The mode of particle transport which needs the input of energy from the cell is called active transport. Active transport, in cell biology, refers to the movement of the molecules through the membrane against the concentration gradient, which means from an area of lower concentration to an area with higher concentration.
Further Explanation:
The energy converting organelles of the eukaryotes is developed from the prokaryotes which were engulfed by the primitive eukaryotic cells. This evolved a symbiotic relationship between them. This explained the reason behind mitochondria and chloroplasts having their own DNA or deoxyribonucleic acid which encodes for certain proteins.
Energy processing in plants is fundamentally similar to that of animals and most fungi. The ultimate objective is to split down the glucose into smaller molecules and absorb the ATP or adenosine triphosphate molecules. Mitochondria are known to be the powerhouse of the cell as they are the sites for aerobic respiration.
Chloroplasts, on the other hand, stores the chlorophyll in tiny bags called thylakoids. In this process, the plants use light energy in order to produce ATP and NADPH which are known to be energy-carrying molecules and then produce glucose by using this energy.
Active transport is of two kinds,
Primary active transport utilizes adenosine triphosphate while secondary one uses an electrochemical gradient. A typical example of active transport is the uptake of glucose in the intestines in human physiology.
The movement of the ions and other molecules through the membrane of the cell without any requirement of the energy input refers to passive transport. This process does not require any input of the cellular energy as it is driven by the ability of the system to develop in entropy. There are four types of such transport, namely, filtration, osmosis, facilitated diffusion and simple diffusion.
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Answer details:
Grade: High school
Subject: Biology
Chapter: Plant physiology
Keywords:
Chloroplast, mitochondria, plant cell, animal cell, powerhouse, energy, ATP, simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport, NADPH.